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On May 13, 2024 researchers discovered a highly invasive silver-cheeked toadfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus) in the Bay of Medulin, just off the coast of Croatia. The 52 cm, 1.3 kg male represents the northernmost record of the species in the Mediterranean, raising serious concerns about potential impacts on marine biodiversity, fisheries, and coastal tourism.
Specimen of Lagocephalus sceleratus (♂) from Medulin Bay, Croatia.
Originating from the Indo-Pacific, Lagocephalus sceleratus is a ‘Lessepsian migrant’ (meaning it migrated through the artificially created Suez Canal) and has spread aggressively through the Mediterranean since its first sighting in 2003. This latest discovery is the fourth confirmed record of the species in the Adriatic and the first from its northernmost waters.
Recent evidence from the southern and eastern Mediterranean shows that bites from the powerful beak-like jaws of the species can result in severe injuries such as partial amputations of fingers. Its flesh and organs also contain a potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin, which can be lethal if consumed.
In Mediterranean coastal regions, Lagocephalus sceleratus has become an increasingly significant portion of small-scale fishing catches, often causing damage to fishing gear with its bite. Stomach analysis of the captured individual revealed a diet consisting of bivalves, gastropods, and sea urchins, suggesting potential disruptions to the Adriatic’s ecological balance.
“The presence of Lagocephalus sceleratus in the northern Adriatic is a clear warning sign of the species’ expanding range and potential ecological and economic consequences. Proactive monitoring and management strategies are important to mitigating its impact on local marine biodiversity, fisheries, and public safety.”
Dr Neven Iveša, co-author of the study.
Experts recommend increased monitoring, regulatory measures, and public awareness campaigns to address threats posed by the species. Targeted removal efforts, public education on handling and reporting sightings, and further research can also play a part in mitigating threats.
Researchers from the Faculty of Natural Sciences at Juraj Dobrila University of Pula and the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Split published the discovery in the open-access journal Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria.
Original source
Iveša N, Buršić M, Dulčić J (2025) Northernmost Mediterranean record of the silver-cheeked toadfish, Lagocephalus sceleratus (Actinopterygii, Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 77-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/aiep.55.146945
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