Once you know where to look for them, lichens are everywhere! These composite organisms – fungal and photosynthetic partners joined into a greater whole, can survive on a vast array of surfaces, from rocks and trees to bare ground and buildings. They are known from every continent, and almost certainly every land mass on planet Earth; some species have even survived exposure to the exterior of the International Space Station. This hardy nature has long interested researchers studying what life could survive on Mars, and the astrobiologists studying life on Earth as an analog of our planetary neighbour. In the deserts surrounding two Mars analog stations in North America, lichens comprise such an important part of the local ecosystems that they inspired a biodiversity assessment with a unique twist: this collections-based inventory took place during a simulated mission to Mars!
Crew Biologist Anushree Srivastava collecting lichens near the Mars Desert Research Station while wearing a simulated spacesuit, an important part of analog space missions at this research site. Photo credit: Mars 160 Crew/The Mars Society
The Mars Desert Research Station in Utah, USA (on Ute and Paiute Territory), and the Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station in Nunavut, Canada (in Inuit Nunangat, the Inuit Homeland) are simulated Martian habitats operated by The Mars Society, where crews participate in dress rehearsals for crewed Martian exploration. While learning what it would take to live and work on our planetary neighbour, these “Martians” frequently study the deserts at both sites, often exploring techniques for documenting microbial life and their biosignatures as a prelude to deploying these tools and methods off world. These studies are enhanced by a comprehensive understanding of the ecosystems being studied, even if they are full of Earthbound life. During the Mars 160 – a set of twin missions to both Utah and Nunavut in 2016 and 2017 – our team undertook a floristic survey of the lichen biodiversity present at each site.
The Mars Desert Research Station is nestled in amongst the red sandstone hills of southeast Utah, USA, in a geological analog to Mars. Photo credit: Paul Sokoloff/Canadian Museum of Nature
During simulated extra-vehicular activities, Mars 160 mission specialists wearing simulated spacesuits scouted out various habitats at both stations, seeking out lichen species growing in various microhabitats. Collecting over 150 specimens, these samples were “returned to Earth”, and identified at the National Herbarium of Canada at the Canadian Museum of Nature. Through morphological examination, investigations of internal anatomy and chemistry, and DNA barcoding, “Mission Support” identified 35 lichen species from the Mars Desert Research Station, and 13 species from the Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station.
Rich lichen communities are abundant in the deserts surrounding the Mars Desert Research Station, with visible crusts being one part of a vibrant ecosystem. Photo credit: Paul Sokoloff/Canadian Museum of Nature
These species, along with photographs and a synopsis of their identifying characteristics, are summarized in a new paper out now in the open-access journal Check List. This new annotated checklist should prove useful to future crews working at both analog research stations, while also helping Earthly lichenologists better understand the distribution of these fascinating organisms, including new records of rarely reported or newly described species from some of Earth’s most interesting, and otherworldly habitats.
Research article:
Sokoloff PC, Srivastava A, McMullin RT, Clarke J, Knightly P, Stepanova A, Mangeot A, Laroche C-M, Beattie A, Rupert S (2024) An annotated checklist of the lichen biodiversity at two Mars analog sites: The Mars Desert Research Station (Utah, USA) and The Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station (Nunavut, Canada) recorded during the Mars 160 Mission. Check List 20(5): 1096-1126. https://doi.org/10.15560/20.5.1096
In a world increasingly defined by data-driven decisions, biodiversity research stands to benefit from standardized and accessible data. Despite their importance for research, biodiversity datasets often fail to meet FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) standards, leading to concerns about data quality, reliability, and accessibility.
To address this, we propose a framework to retrieve, refine and align secondary biodiversity data with FAIR standards, utilizing the Darwin Core model. We followed four steps:
data localization (systematic review)
quality validation
standardization using the Darwin Core standard
sharing and archive in the appropriate repository.
Our approach integrates data validation and quality control steps to ensure that secondary data sets can be trusted.
Our study in Biodiversity Data Journalfocused on ecotonal estuarine ecosystems near the easternmost Amazon, where we recovered data from 46,000 individuals representing 3,871 taxa across eight biotic groups (birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, fish, phytoplankton, benthos, and plants) from 1985 to 2022. These data were used to illustrate how our strategy improves validation, making the data more reliable for macroecological modeling and conservation management. As data becomes more standardized, researchers around the world will be better equipped to collaborate, identify trends, protect ecosystems, and advance sustainability efforts.
Relationships between numbers of taxa and occurrences gathered through an extensive review of secondary biodiversity data from the Golfão Maranhense area, in the estuarine regions of eastern Amazonia.
Accessible biodiversity data empowers stakeholders and provides critical insights into ecosystem health and species conservation. However, without standardized formats, this data is often fragmented, incomplete, or difficult to compare. By creating a consistent framework for collecting, storing, and sharing data, we are opening the door to more informed decision-making and innovation in biodiversity conservation.
The key to conserving biodiversity is collaboration and transparency. By prioritizing accessible and standardized data, we ensure that vital information reaches those who need it most – whether it’s for scientific study, habitat management or policymaking.
Let’s continue to make biodiversity data a tool for global change!
Research article:
Marques N, Soares CDdeM, Casali DdeM, Guimarães E, Fava F, Abreu JMdaS, Moras L, Silva LGda, Matias R, Assis RLde, Fraga R, Almeida S, Lopes V, Oliveira V, Missagia R, Carvalho E, Carneiro N, Alves R, Souza-Filho P, Oliveira G, Miranda M, Tavares VdaC (2024) Retrieving biodiversity data from multiple sources: making secondary data standardised and accessible. Biodiversity Data Journal 12: e133775. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e133775
A new-to-science carnation species from Hawaii is likely the first plant to be identified and collected using drone technology.
Check out the video below to see how it happened!
Video by Ben Nyberg.
Published in the open-access journal PhytoKeys, the discovery was facilitated by the National Tropical Botanical Garden‘s (NTBG) botanical drone program, which deploys unmanned aircraft to explore remote cliff environments.
Via drone photography, researchers spotted Schiedea waiahuluensis growing on steep, inaccessible cliffs in the Waiahulu region of the island of Kauai. To gather samples, they suspended ‘the Mamba’ – a remote plant collection device – from a drone and used it to grab, cut, and collect the plant for study.
Collecting arm hanging from drone. Photo by Ben Nyberg.
The new species belongs to a well-studied Hawaiian lineage in the carnation family. Its genus, Schiedea, consists of 36 species spread across the Hawaiian Islands, with 12 species found only on Kauai.
Schiedea waiahuluensis grows only on the dry cliffs of Waiahulu, with an estimated population of around 345 individuals, primarily growing on bare rock surfaces in small pockets of soil.
Flower of drone collected specimen. Photo by KR Wood.
Their fragile habitat is under threat from invasive plant species and feral goats, making conservation efforts crucial. Researchers are planning further studies to assess the full distribution and conservation needs of the species.
“S. waiahuluensis has a combination of traits that would have been very difficult to predict, and upended our notions about diversity in Schiedea, even after decades of research on this genus.”
Following more than 40 years of research on Schiedea on Kauai, this finding demonstrates the potential for future discoveries of native plants across the Hawaiian Islands through drone technology, and highlights the burgeoning role of drones in advancing conservation efforts and preventing plant extinctions.
Schiedea waiahuluensis habitat. A) Waiahulu branch of Waimea Canyon, drone photo. B) non-collected individual, drone photo. Photos by Ben Nyberg.
“The new development of the NTBG drone program provides a major new tool in biodiversity research that has allowed for better assessment of species distribution and status as shown by drone missions on the inaccessible cliffs of the major canyons on Kauai.
It has revealed populations of species presumed extinct such as the recent rediscovery of Hibiscadelphus woodii, a relative of Hibiscus, mapped populations of Schiedea waiahuluensis, and collected seeds via drone for establishment of a conservation collection of this species.”
While drone-technology innovators were not likely thinking about botany, Schiedea waiahuluensis serves as a reminder that science can benefit from technologic advancements from seemingly unrelated fields.
For another ‘miraculous’ discovery, read our blog on Amalophyllon miraculum, an incredible little plant from Ecuador!
Wagner WL, Weller SG, Sakai AK, Nyberg B, Wood KR (2024) Schiedea waiahuluensis (Caryophyllaceae), an enigmatic new species from Kaua’i, Hawaiian Islands and the first species discovered by a drone collection system. PhytoKeys 247: 111-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.247.130241
A new species of clearwing moth, Carmenta brachyclados, has been found in Port Talbot, Wales, and described by Natural History Museum scientists
Not a native to the UK, the moth is a denizen of the tropical jungles of South America
The two Welsh specimens had been accidentally brought into Europe, in a boot bag brought back from a photography trip to Guyana
Carmenta brachyclados. Photo by Mark Sterling
A new species of moth has been described far away from home following a cross-continent detective journey that included Natural History Museum scientists from separate fields, a budding young ecologist with a knack for community science, a globe-trotting photographer, and two moths new to science which travelled over 4,500 miles from their native country.
An individual of Carmenta brachyclados on the finger of Daisy Cadet. Photo by Daisy Cadet
The species is a clearwing moth and has been named Carmenta brachyclados, in reference to a characteristically short hindwing vein. Despite having never been catalogued in its native country, Guyana, a surprising sequence of events led to its being described after being spotted flying around a home in Port Talbot, Wales.
In February this year, the new species was spotted flying around the home of ecologist Daisy Cadet and her mother, Ashleigh, a professional photographer. Captured by the moth’s striking appearance, which stood out as being out of the ordinary for a house moth in the UK during winter, Daisy uploaded an image to social media which set the chain of events into motion.
An individual of Carmenta brachyclados on the finger of Daisy Cadet. Photo by Daisy Cadet
Daisy was referred to Natural History Museum lepidoptera experts, Mark Sterling and David Lees, having been advised she had stumbled upon something out of the ordinary by social media users. Mark and David started seeking a match of the Wales specimens in terms of appearance to the clearwing collection contained within the 13.5 million Lepidoptera specimens housed at the NHM – the world’s largest and most diverse collection.
Taking the investigation a step further, Sterling and Lees aided by the museum’s Jordan Beasley, carried out DNA sequencing on the moth and found that its closest match was a group of seed-feeding clearwing moths, Carmenta, which occur in Central America and South America. This finding prompted Daisy to look inside Ashleigh’s bag, which had accompanied her on a photography assignment in Guyana.
Two delicate pupal casings, still intact, were found among the mud from the boots she’d worn on the trip along with a small piece of woody vegetation with what looked like bore holes made by the caterpillars of the moths.
Mora excelsa plant fragment from which clearwings emerged with 50 p piece. Photo by Mark Sterling
Mark Sterling, a Scientific Associate at the Natural History Museum, commented:“Clearwing moths are notoriously difficult to find, even by professional entomologists. They are even more difficult to rear from larvae or pupae, which usually dry out or go mouldy within a few days of collection.
“The chances of two clearwing moths from the Neotropics successfully emerging in South Wales, over three months after they arrived, in cold Welsh winter, and being preserved in good condition, is extraordinary.”
“The improbability of this event defies rational explanation. However, whilst in Guyana, Ashleigh was told that if she left an offering of tobacco to the jungle spirits she would be shown something beautiful from the jungle, so that is what she did. We conclude in the paper that it must have been very good tobacco.”
Dr David Lees, Senior Curator for Microlepidoptera at the Natural History Museum, added: “To add to the improbability of this story is the fact that due to the incredible piece of community science from Daisy, we have photographs of a living holotype (an original specimen which forms the basis of the name and description of that species), which is highly unusual.”
A live female individual of Carmenta brachyclados. Photo by Daisy Cadet
Along with now having a country of origin for this new species, they also had a small piece of the host plant on which the larvae had evidently fed. The plant fragment was sent to Natural History Museum botanist, Sandy Knapp, who advised it was likely to be a seed pod of a species of Mora, a suggestion confirmed by DNA sequencing by Jordan. A large leguminous tree, Moraexcelsa grows in the jungles of Central America and South America.
Map of Guyana showing the most likely sampling positions (white circles: Turtle Mountains and Iwokrama Forest/Iwokrama River Lodge) for the seedpod of Mora excelsa with the two live pupae of Carmenta brachyclados inside. Credit: Google Earth/Landsat/Copernicus/Rivers_Guyana.mkl/Guyana regions english.png (CC by 2.5).
The final step was to compare Daisy’s moth specimens to the vast number of species within the Carmenta genus – where only half of the 100 described species have been DNA barcoded. Using analyses of DNA and the specimens’ body plan compared to others on record, Mark and David concluded that this was indeed an undescribed species.
This paper ‘A success for community science: Carmenta brachyclados sp. nov. (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae, Synanthedonini), a clearwing moth from Guyana discovered with its hostplant indoors in Wales (United Kingdom)’ was published in Nota Lepidopterologica and can be accessed here https://nl.pensoft.net/issue/4736/
Research article:
Sterling MJ, Cadet DT, Beasley J, Lees DC (2024) A success for community science: Carmenta brachyclados sp. nov. (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae, Synanthedonini), a clearwing moth from Guyana discovered with its hostplant indoors in Wales (United Kingdom). Nota Lepidopterologica 47: 201-218. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.47.130138
Happy World Animal Day! Today is all about celebrating the incredible species roaming our planet and promoting action for animal rights and welfare.
To mark this special day, we have collected some of our favourite animals published across Pensoft’s journal portfolio.
1. The ‘cute but deadly’ velvet worm
The Tiputini velvet worm (Oroperipatus tiputini). Credit: Roberto José León.
Look at those adorable little legs!
Oroperipatus tiputini is a velvet worm that researchers published as a new species in Zoosystematics and Evolution. These invertebrates are known as “living fossils” because they evolved over 500 million years ago, long before the dinosaurs.
The Tiputini velvet worm (Oroperipatus tiputini) adult and juvenile.
Despite its friendly appearance, the Tiputini velvet worm is an accomplished hunter that shoots a sticky substance from a pair of glands near its face to trap its prey!
Some creatures look like they belong to an era long ago.
But this one has only just been discovered! Found near American Samoa at a depth of 300 m, Nautilus samoaensis was one of three new nautilius species published in ZooKeys in 2023.
Underwater photos of living Nautilus samoaensis.
Sadly, these enigmatic molluscs with beautiful shells are facing population decline, and even extinction, due to the activity of unregulated fisheries.
Any ideas why Neopalpa donaldtrumpi was given its name?
Found in California, Arizona, and some areas of Mexico, this species was named days before Donald J. Trump became the the 45th President of the United States of America.
Neopalpa donaldtrumpi.
Researcher Dr Vazrick Nazari hoped that the fame around the blonde-haired moth would raise awareness for the importance of further conservation efforts for the species’ fragile habitat.
We think this fish may have taken the advice “keep your chin up” a bit too literally.
The longnosed stargazer (Ichthyscopus lebeck) looks like this for good reason – it buries itself in sand, with just its eyes visible, and leaps upwards to ambush prey.
Blue is a rare colour in nature, which is a shame because this tarantula from Thailand looks spectacular. The stylish spider sports iridescent streaks of neon colour on its legs, back, and mouthparts.
Chilobrachys natanicharum was already known in the pet trade as the electric blue tarantula, but a study published ZooKeys finally confirmed it as a unique species.
Tailless whip scorpion (Phrynus whitei). Credit: Fugus Guy via WikiMedia Commons.
Sorry about this one.
Phrynus whitei is an amblypygid – an order of arachnids also known as whip spiders or tailless whip scorpions. Despite its unsettling appearance, it is generally calm around humans and is non-venomous.
While we have enjoyed collecting a few of our favourite species featured in Pensoft journals, it is important to remember the value of every animal, regardless of cuteness or weirdness.
By supporting research and action that aims to protect our planet’s species, we can continue to enjoy our planet’s bizarre biodiversity that never fails to surprise and delight. Happy World Animal Day!
By combining and improving digitally available data and models, BioDT offers approaches for sustainable biodiversity management and ecosystem conservation.
Biodiversity is essential for the processes that support all life on Earth. It provides critical resources such as food and energy, and supports ecosystem health. However, climate change, deforestation, and pollution are destroying habitats, altering ecosystems, and eliminating – or introducing – species that are fundamental for planet’s biosphere.
Cover of the “Building Biodiversity Digital Twins” article collection in RIO journal.
The BioDT project aims to revolutionise our understanding of biodiversity dynamics by integrating advanced modelling, simulation, and prediction capabilities. By combining and improving digitally available data and models, BioDT offers approaches for sustainable biodiversity management and ecosystem conservation. BioDT’s combines expertise in biodiversity, ecological modelling, FAIR data, high-performance computing, and artificial intelligence.
BioDT aims to enhance the accuracy and predictive performance of biodiversity models through iterative development and validation against independent data. This approach can be critical for developing decision support tools and policy development. By continuously updating data, BioDT will provide real-time predictions of biodiversity patterns and processes through interactive maps and summaries. The consortium leverages existing technologies and data from major research infrastructures (GBIF, eLTER, DiSSCo, and LifeWatch ERIC) to achieve this goal.
A screenshot of the BioDT homepage.
The project’s impact extends to addressing critical issues, including impact of environmental change on species and ecosystems, food security, and the implementation of the EU and international policies. The project contributes to the UN Sustainable Development Goals 2 (Zero Hunger), 3 (Good Health and Well-being), 13 (Climate Action), and 15 (Life on Land).
BioDT develops prototype Digital Twins for biodiversity conservation
In order to test its modelling system, BioDT is developing ten prototype digital twins (pDTs) focused on species and ecosystems of high conservation and policy concern, such as invasive species, pollinators and grasslands. The pDTs are divided into four main groups:
Species Response to Environmental Change: focus on the interactions between species and ecosystems. By incorporating temporal dynamics rather than pure space-for-time substitutions, BioDT improves temporal predictions and accuracy. Different sources of uncertainty are quantified using extensive geographic data combined with high-resolution time-series data in a single modelling framework.
Genetically Detected Biodiversity: addressing food security and challenging environments by integrating genomic methods based on DNA data with traditional biodiversity data. These twins focus on crop wild relatives and other genetic resources for farming and food security, as well as DNA-detected biodiversity in poorly known habitats.
Dynamics of Species of Policy Concern: applying modelling and high-performance computing to invasive and alien species recognised at EU and national levels. This twin involves using current species occurrence data, and tackling crucial environmental conditions and invasive effects on native taxa and ecosystems.
Influence of Species Interactions: predicting disease outbreaks using vector species and exploring the patterns and processes of insect pollinators. Work on interaction twins involves further development of data exchange models and establishing temporal historic reference points through digitisation of collection specimens.
A screenshot from the BioDT homepage showing the purposes of prototype digital twins.
The pDTs aim to make essential datasets, best practices, expertise, and lessons learned available and ready for use to researchers and research infrastructures in implementing the use cases, while providing.
The pDTs test the models predictive performance and data availability scenarios, and apply them to address biodiversity challenges through scenario simulations, predictions, and biomonitoring methods. This iterative approach aims to integrate and compare the predictive performance of various modelling approaches, stimulating the development of next-generation prototypes.
Building Biodiversity Digital Twins: a BioDT collection of scientific papers
To further advance the development and reliability of Biodiversity Digital Twins, the BioDT team has produced 10 scientific papers, compiled in the “Building Biodiversity Digital Twins” issue of the open-science scholarly journal Research Ideas and Outcomes (RIO).
“The collection offers an in-depth understanding of the conceptual and technical advancements achieved towards developing digital twins for a wide range of biodiversity topics. Through the BioDT project, we are enabling a broad audience to interactively understand and predict biodiversity changes across space and time.” says Gabriela Zuquim, Scientific Coordinator at CSC for the BioDT project
The collection serves as a centralised access point to project outputs by the BioDT initiative. Publication of rather unconventional and not traditionally published research outputs is in fact amongst the unique features of the open-science RIO journal. Another feature is the possibility of individual publications to be mapped to the SDGs they contribute to, thereby further underlining their significance.
A conceptual diagram of a digital twin prototype from this paper. The core aim of this project is to test the feasibility of generating essentially real-time updating predictions on bird spatiotemporal distributions and singing activity by combining prior information, based on long-term monitoring data with continuously accumulating new information provided by citizen scientists.
In the case of BioDT, RIO has made it possible for the project team to illustrate the process of prototyping Biodiversity Digital Twins in the format of a peer-reviewed scientific article, thereby ensuring its discoverability, credibility, citability, reusability and long-term public availability. By opting for this transparent approach to sharing their scientific work that has standed the rigour of formal scientific review, the BioDT project ensures that future scientists can make better and more efficient use of the models developed by the consortium’s researchers, data, and cutting-edge technology.
For example, one publication describes the HONEYBEE Prototype Digital Twin. The prototype will allow, after the ongoing calibration with land use and hive weight data, predictions of honeybee population dynamics, mite infestation and honey production. The model was developed based on a previously developed one, devised to simulate foraging of a single bee colony. By using the prototype digital twin, users can interactively apply the model on various time and geographic scales ranging from local sites to whole regions or even country level. Thus, it can become an essential tool for the assessment of the viability and productivity of honey bee colonies around Germany, regardless of the specificity of landscapes and management strategies.
Overview of the prototype HONEYBEE-pDT
Our vision is that the assessment can even be run to take into account different climate-change scenarios. The publication also provides guidelines to potential users of the prototype. The authors of the paper, led by Dr Jürgen Groeneveld (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Germany) reminds that despite honey bees “being a managed species, they are severely affected by climate change, emerging parasites and diseases, modern agricultural land use and possibly inappropriate beekeeping practices”, while going on to cite worrying data about the trends in both Europe and the USA.
Similarly, other publications already available from the collection address equally crucial and pressing issues with impact on a global scale, including disease outbreaks, crop management, invasive species, bird and vegetation dynamics.
“The Building Biodiversity Digital Twins collection of project papers suited our needs perfectly,” said Dmitry Schigel, GBIF Scientific officer and a coordinating editor of the collection. “The project team agreed to capture the project’s iterations and reveal our two-thirds stage prototypes two years into the project with one more to go. The innovative platform that the Pensoft’s RIO journal provides lets us describe our progress in a less formal but still peer-reviewed setting. Thanks to the efficient work of the author teams, reviewers and co-editors, this special issue came together quickly and now enables our prototype digital twin teams to attract and process feedback from broader audiences”
As a growing number of species face extinction, both researchers and the general public tend to focus on attractive, well-known and charismatic fauna and flora. But what about the species that have disappeared from scientific recognition altogether?
Research published in our open-access journal Nature Conservation sheds light on how historic taxonomic errors and misinterpretations have led to the disappearance of many species from science’s radar, highlighting the crucial role that taxonomy and natural history collections (NHCs) can play in rediscovering and conserving biodiversity.
Many species that were described long ago have been overlooked due to erroneous synonymisation, a process whereby one species is mistakenly classified under another’s name, generally because of the scarce number of specimens available. These species, the authors now refer to as ‘long-lost synonymised species,’ can fall out of awareness for decades, even centuries.
The 20th century saw a general trend of ‘lumping’ species together, reducing the number of recognised taxa, especially within well-known vertebrate groups. Taxonomic inertia – the persistence of outdated classifications – has caused many species to remain under-recognised, with their conservation statuses too often overlooked. This problem is described among better-known vertebrates, but is also likely present in some of the best studied invertebrates.
The importance of natural history collections
More than simply relics of the past, natural history collections provide a contemporary and essential resource for taxonomists working to untangle these historical errors. Museum specimens allow scientists to re-examine old classifications, using modern tools and methods to correct mistakes and uncover new taxa. Recent advances in ‘museomics’ – the study of genetic material from museum specimens – have opened new possibilities for species identification and conservation.
Leopardus geoffroyi. Credit: diegocarau via iNaturalist.
Such breakthroughs have led to the revalidation of the Neotropical genus Leopardus and the African wolf, Canis anthus, which had been synonymised for decades. Without natural history collections and the associated holotypes, the nomenclature of these species might have remained obscured, and their conservation needs unmet or delayed.
Natural History Collections and Museomics
Pensoft recently launched a new journal titled Natural History Collections and Museomics(NHCM).The publication comes at a pivotal moment in which taxonomists face the challenges of dwindling resources and fewer scientists entering the field. Through the publication of important open-access research, the journal aims to play a crucial role in bridging the gap between traditional taxonomy and modern conservation efforts.
Furthermore, by highlighting the essential role of taxonomy and natural history collections, NHCM will support the rediscovery of species long lost to science and help to conserve the world’s forgotten biodiversity. As the field of museomics grows, so too does the hope of rediscovering species that have been hidden in plain sight. The new journal already benefits from a competent and varied editorial board, including two of the authors of the Nature Conservation paper, Franco Andreone and Spartaco Gippoliti.
If the scientific community rally behind taxonomy and natural history collections, ensuring these vital tools are integrated into future biodiversity assessments, we can hope to preserve not just the species we know, but those we have forgotten.
Original source:
Gippoliti S, Farina S, Andreone F (2024) Lost species, neglected taxonomy, and the role of natural history collections and synonymization in the identification of the World’s forgotten biodiversity. Nature Conservation 56: 119-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.56.132036
It is nothing new that our planet is facing a number of serious threats: climate change, biodiversity loss, pandemics… If you have been watching the news, all this is probably familiar to you. The wealth of data hosted in Natural history collections can contribute to finding a response to these challenges.Alas, today’s practices of working with collected bio- and geodiversity specimens lack some efficiency, thus limiting what our scientists can achieve.
In particular, there is a rather serious absence of linkages between specimen data. Sure, each specimen in a collection usually has its own catalogue ID that is unique within that collection, but the moment collections attempt to work with other collections -as they should in the face of planetary threats- problems start to arise because usually, each collection has its own way of identifying their data, thus leading to confusion.
Persistent identifiers: the DOIs
To avoid this problem, several initiatives have been launched in recent years to establish a globally accepted system of persistent identifiers (PIDs) that guarantee the “uniqueness” of collection specimens—physical or digital—over time.
Digital specimen DOIs can point to individual specimens in a collections.
You can think of a PID as a marker, an identifier that points at a single individual object and only one, differentiating it from any other in the world. You must have heard of acronyms such as ISBN or ORCID. Those are PIDs for books and individual scholars, respectively. For digital research content, the most widely used PID is the DOI (Digital Object Identifier), proposed by the DOI Foundation.
A DOI is an alphanumeric code that looks like this: 10.prefix/sufix
For example, if you type https://doi.org/10.15468/w6ubjx in your browser, you will reach the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences’s mollusk collection database, accessed through GBIF. This specific DOI will never point at anything else, and the identifier will remain the same in the future, even if changes occur in the content of this particular database.
DiSSCo and the DOIs
The Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo) aims to provide a DOI for all individual digital specimens in European natural history collections. The point is not only to accurately identify specimens. That is, of course, crucial, but the DOI of a digital specimen provides a number of other advantages that are extremely interesting for DiSSCo and natural history collections in general. Among them, two are simply revolutionary.
The digital specimen DOI stores quick-access, basic metadata about the specimen.
Firstly, using DOIs allows linking the digital specimen to all other relevant information about the same specimen that might be hosted in other repositories (e.g. ecological data, genomic data, etc.). In creating this extended digital specimen that links different data types, digital specimen DOIs make a huge contribution to inter-institutional scientific work, filling the gap that is described at the beginning of this piece. Now scientists will be in a much better position to really exchange and link data across institutions.
Second, in contrast to most other persistent identifiers, the DOI of a digital specimen stores additional metadata (e.g. name, catalogue number) beyond the URL to which it redirects. This allows access to some information about the specimen without having to retrieve the full data object, i.e. without having to be redirected to the specimen HTML page. This metadata facilitates AI systems to quickly navigate billions of digital specimens and perform different automated work on them, saving us (humans) precious time.
Use of DOIs in publications
With all this in mind, it is easier to understand why being able to cite digital specimens in scholarly publications using DOIs is an important step. So far, the only DOIs that we could use in publications were those at the dataset level, not at the individual specimen level. In the example above, if a scientist were to publish an article about a specific type of bivalve in the Belgian collection, the only DOI that she or he would have available for citation in the article would be that of the entire mollusk database -containing hundreds or thousands of specimens- not the one of the specific oyster or scallop that might be the focus of the publication.
Main page of DiSSCo’s sandbox, the future DiSSCover service.
The publication in Biodiversity Data Journalabout the Chrysilla and Phintelloides genera is the first of its kind and opens the door to citing not only dataset-level objects but also individual specimens in publications using DOIs. You can try it yourself: Hover over the DOIs that are cited in the publication and you will get some basic information that might save you the time of visiting the page of the institution where the specimen is. Click on it and you will be taken to DiSSCo’s sandbox -the future DiSSCover service- where you will find all the information about the digital specimen. There you will also be able to comment, annotate the specimen, and more, thus making science in a more dynamic and efficient way than until now.
A note about Christa Deeleman-Reinhold
At 94 years old, the Dutch arachnologist Christa Deeleman-Reinhold is not only one of the authors of the Chrysilla and Phintelloides article but also one of the most important arachnologists in the world. Born in 1930 on the island of Java -then part of the Dutch East Indies- Christa gained her PhD from Leiden University in 1978. Since then, she has developed a one-of-a-kind scientific career, mainly focused on spider species from South Asia. In her Forest Spiders of South East Asia (2001), Dr. Deeleman-Reinhold revised six spider families, describing 18 new genera and 115 new species. The Naturalis Biodiversity Center hosts the Christa Laetitia Deeleman-Reinhold collection, with more than 20,000 specimens.
Text and images provided by DiSSCo RI.
Research article:
Deeleman-Reinhold CL, Addink W, Miller JA (2024) The genera Chrysilla and Phintelloides revisited with the description of a new species (Araneae, Salticidae) using digital specimen DOIs and nanopublications. Biodiversity Data Journal 12: e129438. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e129438
At the 5th ESP Europe conference in Wageningen, Pensoft will lead a training session on effective science communication through open access publishing.
The Ecosystem Services Partnership (ESP) is a global network that connects ecosystem services scientists, practitioners, stakeholders, and policymakers at local, national, regional, and global scales. ESP enhances and encourages a diversity of approaches, while reducing unnecessary duplication of effort in the development of concepts and application of ecosystem services.
Starting in 2008, ESP organises annual international conferences, where experts share research progress and exchange ideas in the field of ecosystem services, strengthening cooperation among scientists and practitioners. Since 2015, global and regional conferences started taking place bi-annually, with the 5th ESP Europe conference taking place this year between 18 and 22 November in Wageningen, The Netherlands, under the theme ‘Ecosystem Services: One Planet, One Health’.
The ESP Europe conference will focus on the question of how the ecosystem services concept can address the challenges involved in delivering the global vision of One Health. It will also highlight the interdependence of health across various domains – human, animal, plant, and ecosystem health, and the health of the global environment.
In addition to the main event, the organisers are providing access to pre-conference trainings on Sunday, 17 November, one day before the official start of the conference. One of these focuses on science communication and its role in enhancing research impact. Titled “Innovative tools for science communication: How to increase your research impact”, this session will be hosted by Pensoft Publishers.
A communication and dissemination leader in a wide range of EU research projects, as well as an independent publishing company, Pensoft will introduce the participants to best practices in science communication, drawing examples from a project portfolio which covers ecosystems and biodiversity, agriculture and forestry, pollinators and more. This training activity will also highlight the integral role of open science in effective dissemination, showcasing the opportunities facilitated by Pensoft’s open-access journals, which promoting transparency, accessibility, and reusability of results. Overall, the session will provide an in-depth look into the interlinkage between effectively communicated research outputs and the benefits of openly published data.
The Pensoft team will share their experiences with projects such as SELINA and SpongeBoost, both of which will also be presented in the scientific sessions and via a shared booth at the event.
Everyone who has already registered for the official programme can still add a training to their application using this link.
A newly identified wasp species, Chrysonotomyia susbelli, has been discovered in Houston, Texas, marking the 18th new species identified by Rice University’s Scott Egan and his research team since 2014. The discovery, the fourth wasp species found on the university grounds in seven years, reveals the hidden world of parasitoid wasps and the intricate ecosystems that thrive outside our doors.
Chrysonotomyia susbelli. Photo credit: Rice University
Chrysonotomyia susbelli is a parasitoid wasp, about 1 millimeter long, that emerges from galls, or tumorlike growths created by the gall wasp Neuroterus bussae found on southern live oak leaves. The galls serve as microhabitats within which larvae feed, develop and pupate. The research team’s study was published in the journal ZooKeys on Sept. 18.
Scott Egan, left, and Brendan O’Loughlin, right. Photo of Egan by Brandon Martin/Rice University. Photo of O’Loughlin courtesy of Rice University.
“Chrysonotomyia susbelli represents the sixth species of its genus described from North America and the first globally known to parasitize cynipid gall wasps,” said Egan, an associate professor of ecology and evolutionary biology.
The wasp was discovered and named by Brendan O’Loughlin, a Rice senior and the study’s first author. “The wasp’s goldenrod color is almost identical to the official colors of Wiess College, my residential college,” O’Loughlin said.
To confirm the uniqueness of the species, the research team conducted a genetic analysis and a detailed study of the wasp’s physical features under a microscope. Its investigation also included a review of the historical literature to ensure that the species had not been previously described.
Chrysonotomyia susbelli. Photo credit: Rice University
This research was complemented by DNA barcode data and observations of the wasp’s natural history, including host associations and a unique leaf-scanning behavior exhibited by female wasps. The researchers also modified the identification key of New World members, groups of species found exclusively in the Americas, to incorporate this new species.
Egan emphasized the importance of studying local biodiversity. “You don’t have to travel to a distant rainforest to find new and beautiful things — you just have to step outside and look,” he said.
The discovery hints at a previously unexplored ecological niche involving Chrysonotomyia parasitoids, cynipid gall wasps, and oaks, suggesting that there may be many more undiscovered species within this system.
“Generations of Chrysonotomyia susbelli have likely lived unnoticed on the oaks of Rice University since its founding,” Egan said.
Co-authors of the study include Pedro FP Brandão-Dias, Ph.D. graduate of ecology and evolutionary biology at Rice and current postdoctoral scholar at the University of Washington, and Michael Gates, parasitoid wasp specialist of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Systematic Entomology Laboratory at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.
Originally published by Rice University. Republished with permission.
Research article:
O’Loughlin B, Brandão-Dias PFP, Gates MW, Egan SP (2024) Description of a new species of Chrysonotomyia Ashmead from Houston, Texas, USA (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae). ZooKeys 1212: 241-254. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1212.127537
