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Biologists Leonard Freed and Rebecca Cann from the University of Hawaii at Manoa have been studying birds at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge for 20 years. Located on an old cattle ranch on the windward slope of Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawaii, it was established in 1985 to protect 8 species of rare and endangered perching birds. The refuge and its volunteers planted over 400,000 seedlings of native koa trees in an abandoned pasture to restore high elevation forest. The once-rare white-eye colonized the restoration area, grew rapidly in it, but then surged into the old-growth forest below. Freed and Cann estimated that tens of thousands of native birds were lost. Their study was recently published in the open access journal NeoBiota.

The researchers had previously shown competition between white-eyes and native birds on their study sites. With increased numbers of white-eyes, young of all native species measured had stunted growth, indicating that food was becoming a problem. They also documented that birds of all ages had difficulty replacing their feathers. Each problem, both unprecedented in nature, occurred at the same time. In contrast to the forest adjacent to the restoration area, native birds deeper within the forest had normal growth and feather replacement where white-eyes were still rare.

Freed and Cann then used the refuge’s own survey data collected over 3,373 ha of open forest and 1,998 ha of closed forest to determine if changes observed on their study sites were a general problem on the entire refuge. They documented a stepwise increase in density of white-eyes in the open forest area that had been sustained for 8 years between 2000 and 2007, and a more gradual increase in the closed forest area below that.

Loss of native birds followed the refuge-wide surge of white-eyes. Greater declines occurred in the open forest area where white-eyes increased first, amounting to a drop of one-third of native birds. About 10% of birds disappeared from the closed forest area, but there was strong correlation among losses of native species in the two areas. The researchers expect that losses in the more pristine closed forest area will continue, because the white-eye is still increasing there. Ironically, only an alien species is increasing on a refuge set aside to protect native Hawaiian birds. Forest restoration has precipitated a problem that requires additional action in the forest below. Hawaiian birds are considered to be “conservation reliant” species from other threats. Now the future of native birds on the refuge requires control of an introduced bird.

Original source:
Freed LA, Cann RL (2012) Increase of an introduced bird competitor in old-growth forest associated with restoration. NeoBiota 13: 43-60. doi: 10.3897/neobiota.13.2946

A new bright yellow frog species has been found in the mountains of western Panama. The frog belongs to a species-rich group of frogs, the so called rainfrogs that lack a tadpole stage, but develop directly as little frogs inside the egg.

The frog, that measures less than 2 cm, was discovered by Andreas Hertz and his colleagues, who are reptile and amphibian specialists at the Senckenberg Research Institute in Frankfurt am Main; Germany. They discovered it in 2010 during several field trips to the Serranía de Tabasará of western Panama a highly understudied part of the Panamanian central mountain range.

"Although we recognized that the male mating call of this species differs from all what we had heard before and therefore suspected it to be new, much effort was involved to finally spot it in the dense vegetation", said Hertz. "When we finally caught the first individuals by hand, we noticed that it dyes one’s fingers yellow when it is handled. The scientific name (Diasporus citrinobapheus) of this new frog refers to this characteristic and means yellow dyer rainfrog."

To assure the validity of the frog as a new species, the biologists studied body structure, coloration, molecular genetic data, and vocalizations of a series of individuals, and compared the results with the data derived from closely related species.

Additionally, the researchers took into consideration the possibility that the yellow stain may be poisonous and performed an analysis of skin secretions. "We cannot say whether the dye is any good as a predatory defence, as we could not find any poisonous components. Maybe the colour is just easily washed out and has no particular function. However, for now, this peculiarity of the new species remains enigmatic." said Hertz.

Original source:
Hertz A, Hauenschild F, Lotzkat S, Köhler G (2012) A new golden frog species of the genus Diasporus (Amphibia, Eleutherodactylidae) from the Cordillera Central, western Panama. ZooKeys 196: 23-46. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.196.2774

Additional Information:
Research in Panama by the Herpetological Section at the Senckenberg Research Institute
Köhler G (2011) Amphibians of Central America. Herpeton Verlag Elke Köhler, Offenbach, Germany, 378 pp.

Besides the obvious differences between plants and animals, subtle ones lie concealed within the cell, even within the nucleus. In both plant and animal cells, the nucleus contains DNA, which condenses into chromosomes during cell division. Chromosomes can be counted at that stage, revealing the chromosome number for each species. Here comes a difference: while the chromosome number spans a relatively short range across animal species (2-296: 46 in man), some plant species have over 1000 chromosomes. The adder’s-tongue Ophioglossum reticulatum, a fern ally from the tropics, has 1440 chromosomes in its vegetative cells.

High chromosome numbers are generally linked to polyploidy, i.e. the occurrence of more than two haploid sets of chromosomes. In this research, the chromosome number variation of endemic Italian plants was evaluated. Endemics are species that are unique to a defined geographic location, where they establish through some form of isolation – geographic or reproductive – from other species. As polyploidy can bring about reproductive isolation, it was interesting to study to what extent this process was involved in the evolutionary pathway leading to the endemic species of the Italian flora.

Using data from the online database "Chrobase.it", the researchers found that for about 55% of endemic species, the chromosome number is known. Statistical analyses of these chromosome numbers suggest that similar evolutionary trends acted upon endemics and species with wider distribution. Based on estimates for a subset of data, it was also shown that the vast majority (above 70%) of Italian endemics are diploid. The study was published in the open access journal Comparative Cytogenetics.

An intriguing result was obtained by comparing the number of species with even ploidy level (diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octoploid, etc.): it was discovered that those parameters are linked by an exponential function, implying that the higher the (even) ploidy level, the lower its frequency in terms of number of species.

The biological implications of this find are not yet clear and must be further investigated. To say the least, this phenomenon opens a new line of investigation in cytogenetics, aimed to clarify the evolutionary mechanisms giving rise to these constant relationships among increasing even ploidy levels.

Original source:
Bedini G, Garbari F, Peruzzi L (2012) Chromosome number variation of the Italian endemic vascular flora. State-of-the-art, gaps in knowledge and evidence for an exponential relationship among even ploidy levels. Comparative Cytogenetics 6(2): 192. doi: 10.3897/CompCytogen.v6i2.3107

Northwestern Europe harbors one of the best known biotas, thanks to the long faunistic and floristic traditions practiced there. However, some animal groups are far better known than others. The diversity of true flies there is fascinating, and undescribed species of flies, midges and gnats are not uncommon. Because Northwestern Europe was almost totally glaciated as recently as 10 000 years ago, endemic animal species of that region are generally lacking, or are exceptions. Hence, most NW European insects and other species have colonized the area following the withdrawal of ice.

The new crane fly species Tipula recondita, is not an exception. It was found on both extremes of the vast Eurasian continent, in Northern Finland (Kittilä) as well as in the Russian Far East (Primorski kray). The description was published in the open access journal ZooKeys.

PhD candidate Jukka Salmela, working in the Zoological Museum in Turku (Finland), thinks that the new species is most likely a very rare one, because the Finnish fauna has been intensively studied during the 2000s. The rarity of the species is perhaps caused by its association with the increasinlgy rare old-growth forests and / or calcareous herb-rich forests of the taiga. Both old-growth forests with large amounts of decaying trees and northern herb-rich forests are rare habitats in Northwestern Europe.

In addition to morphology, DNA barcoding was used to assess the status of the new species. Intraspecific genetic distance between Finnish and Russian populations was small, verifying the idea of a single but disjunct species; geographic distance of the populations is over 6500 km. Moreover, based on morphology and DNA, the new species is clearly separated from closely related species. "The sequencing result was expected, because among crane flies, there are some other wide-ranging and disjunct species, e.g. Tipula kaisilai and T. subexcisa. These disjunct populations may be relicts from climatically more favourable periods, when these species were more widespread. On the other hand, it can’t be excluded that some disjunct species are more common than we currently know; the efforts directed at collecting them may simply have been too low to reveal their true ranges. However, both DNA and morphology suggest that the Finnish and Russian populations belong to the same species", said Salmela. "The next step is to map the occurrence of the species in NW Europe and arrive at a better understanding of its ecology; a larva or two would be nice to catch", Salmela added.

Original source:
Pilipenko VE, Salmela J, Vesterinen EJ (2012) Description and DNA barcoding of Tipula (Pterelachisus) recondita sp. n. from the Palaearctic region (Diptera, Tipulidae). ZooKeys 192: 51-65. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.192.2364

Researchers at Auburn University have reported the discovery a new trapdoor spider species from a well-developed housing subdivision in the heart of the city of Auburn, Alabama. Myrmekiaphila tigris, affectionately referred to as the Auburn Tiger Trapdoor spider, is named in honor of Auburn University‘s costumed Tiger mascot, Aubie.

The research team, directed by Biological Sciences professor Jason Bond, lead investigator and director of the Auburn University Museum of Natural History, and Charles Ray, a research fellow in the Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, was excited at the prospect of such a remarkable find just underfoot. Bond and Ray actually live in the neighborhood where the new species was discovered. The study was published in the open access journal ZooKeys and is freely available under a Creative Commons Attribution license.

Myrmekiaphila tigris belongs to a genus that contains 11 other species of trapdoor spider found throughout the eastern U.S. and includes the now-famous species Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi, from Birmingham, Alabama, named for Canadian rocker Neil Young.

Trapdoor spiders – related to tarantulas, funnel web spiders, and their kin – construct subterranean burrows that they cover with a hinged door made of a mixture of silk and soil. Female spiders spend nearly their entire lives in a single silk-lined burrow from which they forage as sit-and-wait predators. Prey are captured, usually at night, when an insect or other animal causes a vibration, provoking the spider to leap from the burrow entrance, bite and envenomate the unsuspecting victim, and then return to the bottom of the burrow to feast on its prize.

Due to superficial similarities, Myrmekiaphila tigris was previously believed to be a different species, M. foliata, according to a taxonomic study of the group that was published a few years ago. However, closer examination revealed considerable differences in appearance, particularly in their genitalia, that were supported by additional studies comparing the DNA of M. tigris with that of related species: "Despite the physical uniqueness of these specimens, the use of DNA as an alternate, less subjective line of evidence for recognizing the species was warranted, given our excitement with discovering a new species literally in our own backyards," Bond said.

Members of the species are rarely encountered individually. However, once males reach sexual maturity at around 5 or 6 years old, they emerge from their burrows to find a female with which to mate; shortly thereafter they die. Wandering males can be found in relatively large numbers on neighborhood sidewalks, in swimming pools and even in homeowners’ garages for a brief time during the months of November and December. Females, on the other hand, are much more secretive, living relatively long, 15 to 20-year lives in their below-ground burrows. They often have more intricate burrows that include side chambers with additional underground trapdoors. Burrows can be found along the banks in relatively young, secondary growth forests in neighborhood natural areas.

Bond said, "The discovery of a new species in a well-developed area like this further demonstrates the amount of biodiversity on our planet that remains unknown; we know so little about our home planet and the other organisms that inhabit it with us." According to some estimates, scientists have managed over the course of the past 250 years to describe only a few million of the 10 to 30 million of Earth’s species.

Original source:
Bond JE, Hamilton CA, Garrison NL, Ray CH (2012) Phylogenetic reconsideration of Myrmekiaphila systematics with a description of the new trapdoor spider species Myrmekiaphila tigris (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Euctenizinae) from Auburn, Alabama. ZooKeys 190: 95-109. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.190.3011

Additional information:
In: Bond JE and N.I. Platnick. 2007. Taxonomic review of the trapdoor spider genus Myrmekiaphila (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Cyrtaucheniidae). American Museum Novitates, 3596: 1-30.

Pensoft Publishers are pleased to inform you that a PhytoKeys paper, by Natalia Filipowicz, Michael Nee and the journal’s editor, Susanne Renner, was featured in a Scientific American article: Genome Run: Andean Shrub Is First New Plant Species Described by Its DNA.

Original source:
Filipowicz N, Nee MH, Renner SS (2012) Description and molecular diagnosis of a new species of Brunfelsia (Solanaceae) from the Bolivian and Argentinean Andes. PhytoKeys 10: 83–94. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.10.2558

Related press release on EurekAlert.

The CLOCKSS Archive has partnered with Pensoft Publishers to preserve their e-journals in CLOCKSS’s geographically and geopolitically distributed network of redundant archive nodes, located at 12 major research libraries around the world. By archiving with CLOCKSS, Pensoft demonstrate their commitment to the long-term preservation of the electronic versions of their journals. This ensures that an author’s work will always be fully accessible and usable, as it provides for content to be freely available to everyone even if it ceases to be available from the publisher’s site after a "trigger event".

"The partnership with CLOCKSS represents a significant expansion of our archiving activities, with fully automated harvesting, import and preservation of the electronic content of our Open Access journals. Besides, the feature of archiving with CLOCKSS renders our publishing system even more attractive for other publishers to use", said Dr Lyubomir Penev, managing director of Pensoft.

CLOCKSS Executive Director Randy S. Kiefer adds, "The CLOCKSS Archive welcomes Pensoft Publishers’ e-journals with their coverage of biodiversity science, plant systematics, phylogeny and biogeography into the community’s archive. By archiving with CLOCKSS, Pensoft Publishers have ensured that the scholarship in their publications will remain available to a wide audience in the long term. We are grateful, as Pensoft Publishers join the CLOCKSS Archive, for their generous willingness to preserve their e-journals, and we are proud that they do so with us."

About CLOCKSS:
The CLOCKSS (Controlled LOCKSS) Archive is a not-for-profit joint venture between the world’s leading scholarly publishers and research libraries whose mission is to build a sustainable, geographically distributed dark archive with which to ensure the long-term survival of Web-based scholarly publications for the benefit of the greater global research community.

About Pensoft Publishers:
Pensoft Publishers specialize in academic and professional book and journal publishing, mostly in the field of biodiversity science and natural history. Headquartered in Sofia, Bulgaria, Pensoft started out in 1994 and have since become one of the leading academic publishers in biodiversity science, with more than 800 books and e-books published so far. Pensoft primarily publish in English, with a significant minority of the publications being in French, German, Russian or other languages. In 2010, Pensoft launched their own open access journal publishing platform, implementing cutting-edge technologies for semantic markup and automated dissemination of the published content. Currently, Pensoft publish 10 journals, all of which are fully open access, i.e. BOAI-compliant. The flagship journal ZooKeys is recognized as a technological leader in publishing and dissemination of biodiversity information. For the moment, CLOCKSS shall archive only e-journals from Pensoft, though the archiving of e-books may be considered in the future.

References

Penev L, Roberts D, Smith V, Agosti D, Erwin T (2010) Taxonomy shifts up a gear: New publishing tools to accelerate biodiversity research. ZooKeys 50: i-iv. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.50.543

Erwin T, Stoev P, Georgiev T, Penev L (2011) ZooKeys 150: Three and a half years of innovative publishing and growth. In: Smith V, Penev L (Eds) e-Infrastructures for data publishing in biodiversity science. ZooKeys 150: 5-14. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.150.2431

Stoneflies, or Plecoptera, are insects that live in water during immature stages, but are terrestrial as adults. They are among the best bioindicators of river water quality and general landscape disturbance. Anglers often model their dry and wet flies (lures) after these insects.

Scientists at the University of Illinois and Western Kentucky University, funded by the USA National Science Foundation, have completed the first ever statewide assessment of stonefly diversity in Ohio. The study has been published in the open-access journal ZooKeys.

The team used over 30,000 insect specimens gathered from 18 regional museums (Illinois Natural History Survey, Brigham Young University, Ohio State University) and from new sampling for the analysis. They determined that at least 102, but possibly as high as 120 species occur in Ohio. The majority of species were found to have evolved to survive warm summer water temperatures and even drought, most similar to the stoneflies found in the neighboring states of Indiana and Kentucky. Analyses demonstrated that the greatest number of species lived in the eastern half of the state where forest cover is greatest.

This study provides important conservation information. The researchers found that over 17% of the species were rare, being known from only one or two locations. One of these species, the Atlantic Needlefly, Leuctra duplicata Claassen), is known only from two adjacent springbrooks in northeast Ohio. This information will help Ohio organizations to prioritize species and high quality streams for greater protection. Several other species were known from historical records, but have not been collected in the last 50-60 years. These species have long life cycles (1-2 years), a life span that increases their risk for local extinction. One example is a species that occurred in the larger rivers of Ohio, the Enigmatic Stone, Attaneuria ruralis (Hagen).

The scientists plan to use the data from Ohio and other states in the region to predict where species will be found and how climate change will affect the distribution of these environmentally sensitive insects in the future.

Original source:
DeWalt RE, Cao Y, Tweddale T, Grubbs SA, Hinz L, Pessino M, Robinson JL (2012) Ohio USA stoneflies (Insecta, Plecoptera): species richness estimation, distribution of functional niche traits, drainage affiliations, and relationships to other states. ZooKeys 178: 1-26. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.178.2616

Pensoft Publishers’ flagship taxonomic journal ZooKeys continues to experience growth. In the first quarter of 2012, the journal reported 130% increase of the number of published articles (125), in comparison to the same period of the previous year (54). The number of published issues has also increased, from 15 to 21 for the same timeframe, as well as the total number of pages (2,403 in 2012 and 1,991 in 2011).

Furthermore, ZooKeys continues to evolve it’s editorial workflow, constantly implementing new and improved publishing and dissemination technologies, thus always being on point for digital biodiversity science.

The important changes to the way scientists name new plants that took effect on 1 January 2012 included the fall of the so-called Latin requirement – a stipulation that descriptions or diagnoses of new species had to be in Latin.

The new rules make it possible to take full advantage of an ongoing revolution in how botanists and mycologists verify that a particular species is indeed new to science: Many studies now routinely include the sequencing of short DNA regions that will amplify easily, even when the DNA comes from old specimens.

Such "barcoding" sequences can be used to confirm a suspected new species as long as related species that already have a scientific name are also being sequenced for the same DNA stretch.

There is no standard Latin vocabulary for describing DNA barcoding, yet in English, there is.

In an article in the open access journal PhytoKeys, botanists Natalia Filipowicz (Medical University of Gdańsk), Michael Nee (New York Botanical Garden), and Susanne Renner (University of Munich), now provide the first English-language diagnosis of a new species that relies exclusively on DNA data.

Their publication of a new species in the Solanaceae genus Brunfelsia also includes a traditional morphology-based description and pictures of the plant, but the researchers trust that "molecular diagnoses" will become a standard feature in future taxon descriptions.

The DNA sequences generated for the study have all been deposited in the public database GenBank, enabling other researchers to make use of them.

Original source:
Filipowicz N, Nee MH, Renner SS (2012) Description and molecular diagnosis of a new species of Brunfelsia (Solanaceae) from the Bolivian and Argentinean Andes. PhytoKeys 10: 25-36. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.10.2558