A new paper published in the open-access journal Herpetozoa records a rarely documented event in the world of snake predation: an adult female Common European Adder (Vipera berus) attempting to kill and swallow a young European Hare (Lepus europaeus) nearly ten times its own mass.
Watch below (warning: contains footage some may find distressing):
Aadult female adder, Viperaberus, examining a young hare or leveret, Lepuseuropaeus and biting its left hind leg. The adder was disturbed by the observer’s presence and escaped into the tall grass. Credit: Klaus Birch.
The incident, observed on the Danish island of Læsø in August 2022, saw the adder, which was likely in a state of nutritional deficit after giving birth, attack a young hare (a leveret) in open grassland. Researchers Henrik Bringsøe, Daniel Jablonski, and Klaus Birch document the interaction in their research paper.
The snake was seen biting and examining the hare’s limbs and head, which is how adders assess whether prey can be swallowed. Despite the adder’s determined efforts, intervention from the observer prevented the snake from attempting ingestion, and the hare succumbed to its injuries shortly after. The research paper’s authors suggest it is likely that, without intervention, the snake would have abandoned its excessively large prey after careful examination anyway.
The adder returned from the grass vegetation to the hare and continued examining it, especially the front legs and the head. Credit: Klaus Birch.
The sheer size difference between predator and prey makes the observation noteworthy. The adder, estimated at 60 cm in length and weighing around 110 grams, was facing a hare of about 30 cm and 1,000 grams.
Such attempts at oversized prey are not unknown among snakes, but they are poorly represented in scientific literature and may be more common than previously thought. Snakes often abandon prey that proves impossible to consume, but these events are seldom reported.
The authors contextualise this event with similar cases from around the world, including rattlesnakes and other vipers attacking animals too large to swallow. Sometimes, these ambitious meals can even prove fatal for the snakes themselves. The paper suggests that the drive for a high-energy meal, particularly after energetically costly events like giving birth, may push snakes to take such risks.
Male Crotaluslutosus having killed a young Sylvilagusaudubonii (Desert Cottontail) which it tried to swallow, however, it was unable to finish the job. Likely its first meal attempt during the spring. St. George, southwestern Utah, USA, 29 April 2023 at 09:15 h. Photo by Cameron Rognan.
This remarkable observation highlights the need for more documentation of such underreported phenomena in snake ecology, and serves as a reminder that in the wild, even the most experienced predators can be a little too optimistic.
Original source
Bringsøe H, Jablonski D, Birch K (2025) Overly optimistic adder, Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758), killing and intending to swallow an oversized young hare, Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778. Herpetozoa 38: 155-159. https://doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e143850
Frontiers of Biogeography, the official journal of The International Biogeography Society (TIBS), has received its first Journal Impact Factor (JIF) from Clarivate’s Web of Science. Its 2024 JIF stands at 2.5, highlighting the journal’s impact and relevance to the academic community.
This milestone places Frontiers of Biogeography in the Q2 category in both of its assigned Web of Science categories, Ecology and Geography, Physical.
A key metric released by Clarivate, the 2024 Journal Impact Factor reflects the number of times content published in a specific journal during 2022 and 2023 was cited in the subsequent 2024. This total citation count is then divided by the number of “citable” articles (i.e., research and review articles) to estimate the JIF.
Prior to this inaugural JIF, Frontiers of Biogeography had already achieved notable recognition, including a Scopus CiteScore of 5.5, an all-time high for the journal and the latest rise in an upwards trend that dates from its inclusion in Scopus back in 2016. It is placed in the 79th percentile for Ecology and the 73th percentile for Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ranking in Q1 for both categories.
Established in 2009, Frontiers of Biogeography was recently relaunched on the ARPHA Platform, where it is co-published with Pensoft Publishers. The journal publishes studies on all geographical variations of life at all levels of organisation, adhering to rigorous academic standards and aiming to advance public understanding of biogeographical sciences. It is led by Editor-in-Chief Prof. Robert J. Whittaker and Deputy Editors-in-Chief Dr. Janet Franklin and Prof. Mark J. Costello.
Professor Robert J. Whittaker, Editor-in-Chief of Frontiers of Biogeography, expressed his enthusiasm for this achievement, stating, “When The International Biogeography Society launched Frontiers of Biogeography under the editorship of Joaquín Hortal in 2009, we had a vision of it becoming an adaptable, independent, society-owned journal with a distinctive place in the journal publishing landscape. The attainment of our first Clarivate Journal Impact Factor is testimony to the hard work by our past and present editors and reviewers, and to the quality and interest level of the work that our community has entrusted to the journal for publication.”
“Working together with the team at Pensoft we are confident that we can continue to grow the journal as a favoured venue for Open Access publication of cutting-edge biogeographical research,” he added.
High in the cloud-wrapped peaks of the Cordillera de Huancabamba, where the Andes dip and twist into isolated ridges, a team of Peruvian scientists has brought three secretive frogs out of obscurity and into the scientific record. The study, led by herpetologist Germán Chávez and published in Evolutionary Systematics, describes Pristimantis chinguelas, P. nunezcortezi, and P. yonke—three new species discovered in the rugged, misty highlands of northwestern Peru.
“They’re small and unassuming,” Chávez says, “but these frogs are powerful reminders of how much we still don’t know about the Andes.”
Between 2021 and 2024, the team carried out a series of tough expeditions, hiking steep trails and combing mossy forests and wet páramo for signs of amphibian life. It was in this setting—both harsh and enchanting—that they encountered the new species.
Each frog tells a different story:
P. chinguelas, discovered on a cliffside of Cerro Chinguelas, has a body dotted with prominent large tubercles on both sides. Its high-pitched “peep” can be heard on humid nights.
P. nunezcortezi lives near a cool mountain stream in a regenerating forest. With large black blotches on axillae and groins, it was named in honour of ornithologist Elio Nuñez-Cortez, a conservation trailblazer in the region.
P. yonke, the smallest of the three, was found nestled in bromeliads at nearly 3,000 meters. Its name nods to “yonque,” a sugarcane spirit consumed by locals to brave the highland chill.
“Exploring this area is more than fieldwork—it’s an immersion into wilderness, culture, and resilience,” says co-author Karen Victoriano-Cigüeñas.
“Many of these mountain ridges are isolated, with no roads and extreme terrain,” adds Ivan Wong. “The weather shifts within minutes, and the steep cliffs make every step a challenge. It’s no wonder so few scientists have worked here before. But that’s exactly why there’s still so much to find.”
Despite the thrill of discovery, the frogs’ future is uncertain. The team observed signs of habitat degradation, fire damage, and expanding farmland. For now, the species are listed as Data Deficient under IUCN criteria, but the call to action is clear.
“The Cordillera de Huancabamba is not just a remote range—it’s a living archive of biodiversity and cultural legacy,” says co-author Wilmar Aznaran. “And we’ve barely scratched the surface.”
Research article:
Chávez G, Aznaran W, Wong I, Victoriano-Cigüeñas KY, García-Ayachi LA, Valencia-Málaga JD, Ormeño JR, Gulman M, Sumiano-Mejía R, Thompson ME, Catenazzi A (2025) Over the top: Three new species of terrestrial breeding frogs (Anura, Terrarana, Pristimantis) from the highlands of the Cordillera de Huancabamba, northwestern Peru. Evolutionary Systematics 9(1): 145-166. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.9.148522
Guest blog post by Kaiyun Zheng, Mark K. L. Wong, Toby P. N. Tsang, Chi Man Leong
Eclosion of Cryptotympana sp. during a nighttime bioblitz activity in Macao. Photo courtesy Dr. Danny Chi Man Leong
During a field trip for an ecology course in a city park, lead author Ms Kaiyun Zheng was fascinated by the incredible insect biodiversity surrounding her. Insects serve as important bioindicators—their diversity and assemblage can reveal ecological processes and environmental health. However, sampling insect diversity is often challenging, requiring extensive equipment and field effort. Despite being one of the most species-rich animal groups, insects are undergoing a global decline due to habitat loss, pollution, and urbanization. Traditional insect surveys typically demand significant time and resources and are limited in scope.
Curious to find a more accessible approach, Kaiyun began exploring insect records from both expert-led field surveys and citizen science platforms such as iNaturalist. Together with her supervisor, Dr. Danny Chi Man Leong from Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University, and co-authors Dr. Mark Wong from The University of Western Australia and Dr. Toby Tsang from University of Toronto Scarborough, they posed a key question: Can citizen science reveal hidden biodiversity beyond what expert surveys have recorded?
Ms. Kaiyun ZhengDr. Mark KL WongDr. Toby PN TsangDr. Danny Chi Man Leong
Citizen science involves participation by people without formal scientific training, who contribute to scientific research by collecting and sharing data. In biodiversity documentation, citizen scientists can use smartphones and digital platforms to record species, helping expand scientific knowledge at scale.
Using insects as a model group, the authors examined the potential of citizen science to uncover undocumented biodiversity and discussed how large-scale citizen-contributed data could enhance ecosystem monitoring. To evaluate the strengths and complementarities of different data sources, they compared an expert dataset with a citizen science dataset.
Spatial distribution of insect observations in Macao from the citizen science dataset (iNaturalist.org) (A), along with cumulative increases in verified identifiers (B), insect observations (C), and recorded insect species (D).
In total, 1,889 insect species were recorded across both datasets, but only 462 species (24%) overlapped. The expert dataset included 1,339 species, of which 877 (65%) were not found in the citizen science records. Conversely, the citizen science dataset documented 1,012 species, with 550 (54%) unique to it. This substantial non-overlap indicates that the two approaches capture different facets of insect diversity. For example, there was relatively high overlap for insect groups such as butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), likely due to their conspicuous appearance and popularity among observers. In contrast, groups such as wasps, bees and ants (Hymenoptera) and flies (Diptera) were underrepresented in the citizen science dataset, suggesting challenges in detecting smaller or more cryptic species.
Venn diagram of insect diversity between expert and citizen science datasets.
These findings highlight the importance of integrating expert surveys with citizen science efforts to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of insect biodiversity, especially in urban areas which benefit from a high participation from citizen scientists.
Their study also highlights the unique strengths of citizen science for urban biodiversity monitoring. Residents living near parks and green spaces are ideally placed to document insect occurrences in real time across a wide range of locations. Notably, the study includes a citizen-contributed record of Mortonagrion hirosei, a Near Threatened damselfly rarely observed in Macao. This example illustrates how citizen science can detect rare or cryptic species, uncovering important biodiversity records and filling gaps left by traditional surveys, making it an indispensable tool for future biodiversity monitoring.
Observation of Mortonagrion hirosei in Macao on iNaturalist (April 2020). Photo courtesy Mr. Kit Chang, used with permission.
Research article:
Zheng K, Wong MKL, Tsang TPN, Leong CM (2025) Bridging Citizen Science and Expert Surveys in urban biodiversity monitoring: Insights from insect diversity in Macao. Biodiversity Data Journal 13: e153402. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.13.e153402
More petals often equals more appeal for flower lovers. Double and semi-double blooms are popular among gardeners for their lush, ornate appearance. But, while they are common in cultivated varieties, they are exceptionally rare in the wild.
So, when researchers from China discovered a new species with naturally occurring semi-double flowers, they knew they had found something special.
What are single, semi-double, and double flowers?
To appreciate this discovery, it’s helpful to understand what makes a flower “single,” “double,” or “semi-double.”
Left-to-right: single, semi-double, and double flowers in Rosaceae.
Single flowers have the typical number of petals for their species, arranged in a single row. This number is usually five in the rose family (Rosaceae). Single-flowered plants are by far the most common wild species.
Double flowers have been bred or mutated to have many extra petals, often replacing stamens, giving them a full, layered look. While they are popular for their aesthetic value, double flowers are often poor (or entirely useless) for pollinators.
Semi-double flowers are an intermediate form. They have more than the typical number of petals (often in two whorls), but fewer than fully double flowers, usually around 10–12 petals. Semi-double flowers are rare in the wild and – like double flowers – are almost always cultivated.
Double and semi-double blooms are prized for their beauty and prolonged flowering, but are typically only seen in cultivated ornamentals, not in wild populations.
Rubus semiplenus
Discovered in 2022 during a botanical expedition in Hunan Province’s Nanyue Hengshan National Nature Reserve, Rubus semiplenus is a rare example of a wild species with semi-double flowers. Scientists from Yunnan University and local botanical institutions confirmed it as a new species and published their findings in the open-access journal PhytoKeys.
Rubussemiplenus.
Unlike most of its Rubus relatives, R. semiplenus grows as a small herb or dwarf subshrub rather than a woody shrub. The bramble’s leaves are simple and nearly round, which is also unusual for the genus, and its flowers have 10–12 white petals arranged in two whorls, clearly distinguishing it from related species like Rubus hirsutus, which has the typical five-petaled, single flowers.
The floral trait seen in R. semiplenus is exceptionally rare in wild Rubus species. While some cultivated varieties and a few exceptions (like Rubus rosifolius var. coronarius) show similar traits, spontaneous semi-double flowers are almost unheard of in the wild. The discovery is also taxonomically significant. Genetic and morphological analyses place R. semiplenus within the section Rosaefolii, but it is the only known member of that group with both simple leaves and semi-double flowers, which may provide insight into floral evolution and development within the Rubus genus.
Original source
Wang T-T, Li M-H, Kuang D-Y, Xia J-L, Wang Q-P, Wang H-C (2025) Rubus semiplenus (Rosaceae), a new species with naturally occurring semi-double flowers from Hunan, China. PhytoKeys 257: 79-93. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.257.150519
Published in the open-access journal NeoBiota, and funded by the European Commission, a new study identifies where and how targeted action against IAS can have the highest conservation impact.
Researchers applied the IUCN Species Threat Abatement and Restoration (STAR) metric to measure opportunities for species threat abatement caused by IAS. They estimated that fully removing threats from IAS could reduce extinction risk for EU species by up to 16%.
Methodological outline for the different steps of the STAR-t analyses on Invasive Alien Species threats.
The Macaronesian Islands, namely the Canary Islands (Spain), Madeira (Portugal), and the Azores (Portugal), present the largest opportunities for reducing species extinction risk. The research calculates this at an over 40% reduction in extinction risk if IAS were eliminated, illustrating how IAS pose a significantly higher threat to islands compared to mainland ecosystems. Islands are particularly vulnerable due to their unique biodiversity, high levels of endemism, and often fragile ecosystems.
“Given the alarming impact that invasive alien species have on native biodiversity and the economy, it is essential to identify where action can have the greatest effect. In this context, our work presents the first regional application of the Species Threat Abatement and Restoration (STAR) metric, a science-based method that links conservation actions to the reduction of species extinction risk. By applying STAR with data from the EU Red List of threatened species, we highlight opportunities for addressing invasive alien species across national and subnational levels in the EU.
Randall Jiménez Q., Senior Conservation Scientist, IUCN (first author of the research).
For specific IAS, the greatest opportunities to reduce regional species extinction risk by mitigating threats from IAS come from managing feral goats (12.4%), mouflons (8.1%), rabbits (5.3%) and rats (4.6%).
Contribution of IAS threat abatement to extinction risk reduction. Relative contribution (in percentage) to the species extinction risk reduction that could be met by acting to abate IAS threats in each of the EU Member States or Outermost Regions.
Invasive alien species are a major threat to global biodiversity and the total cost of biological invasions across all European Union member states has been estimated at 129.9 billion US dollars between 1960 and 2020. In Europe, measures for IAS management are mainly established through the European Union Biodiversity Strategy 2030, which aims to halve the number of IUCN Red List of Threatened Species at risk from IAS by 2030.
“Mitigating the impacts of invasive alien species offers some of the greatest potential gains for conserving native biodiversity, while also delivering benefits for ecosystem services and local economies.
“This analysis provides decision-makers with guidance on where efforts can achieve the most significant results, supporting progress toward the EU Biodiversity Strategy target of reducing impacts on threatened species from invasive alien species by 50%.”
BorisErg, IUCN European Regional Director.
Across the EU, 3,759 species (excluding marine animals) have been assessed as Near Threatened or Threatened with extinction, of which 579 (15%) are documented to be threatened by IAS (IUCN 2024).
A 2023 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) found that IAS have been a significant driver in 60% of documented plant and animal extinctions. The report, informed by experts from the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), identified 3,500 invasive species that are severely harming biodiversity and human livelihood. These are increasing rapidly, with a forecast increase of 36% by 2050 – posing threats to the realisation of the Global Biodiversity Framework.
Original source:
Jiménez RR, Smith KG, Brooks TM, Scalera R, Mair L, Nunes AL, Costello KE, Macfarlane NBW (2025) Guiding action on invasive alien species towards meeting the EU’s Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. NeoBiota 99: 109–129. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.99.148323
Bulgaria officially joins the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). This major event for Bulgarian science was initiated by a memorandum signed by the Minister of Environment and Water: Manol Genov.
GBIF is an international network and data infrastructure funded by governments around the world that provides international open access to a modern and comprehensive database of all species of living organisms on the planet.
Joining GBIF is an important step for initiatives such as the Bulgarian Barcode of Life (BgBOL), as it will facilitate the integration of genetic data on species diversity into the global scientific community and support the creation of a more accurate and accessible bioinformatic database. This will increase the scientific visibility and relevance of Bulgarian efforts in molecular taxonomy and conservation.
“First of all, I’d like to congratulate all fellow scientists working in the domain of biology and ecology in Bulgaria with this wonderful achievement,” says Prof. Dr. Lyubomir Penev, founder and CEO of the scientific publisher and technology provider Pensoft, as well as a key participant in the talks and preparations for Bulgaria’s joining GBIF. He is also Chair of BgBOL.
“Becoming a full member of GBIF has been a long-anticipated milestone we have discussed and worked on for several years. Coming not long after we initiated the Bulgarian Barcode of Life, the Bulgarian membership in GBIF gives us yet another uncontested evidence that the nation is on the right path to preserving our uniquely rich fauna and flora,” he adds.
Pensoft is looking forward to sharing our know-how with Bulgarian institutions and scientists in order to streamline the visibility and overall efficiency of biodiversity data collected from Bulgaria.
Prof. Lyubomir Penev
“As close partners of GBIF for over 15 years now, Pensoft is looking forward to sharing our know-how with Bulgarian institutions and scientists, so that they can fully utilise the GBIF infrastructure and tools, in order to streamline the visibility and overall efficiency of biodiversity data collected from Bulgaria.”
GBIF is managed by a Secretariat based in Copenhagen and brings together countries and organisations that collaborate through national and institutional coordinators (also called participant nodes). The mechanism provides common standards, good practices and open access tools for institutions around the world to share information on the location and recording of species and specimens. According to GBIF, a total of 107 countries and organisations currently participate in the network, a significant number of which are European.
The GBIF network, as screenshot from https://www.gbif.org/the-gbif-network on 10/06/2025.
By joining GBIF, biodiversity data generated in Bulgaria can be streamlined through the network’s infrastructure so that the country does not need to build and maintain its own separate infrastructure, which also saves significant financial resources.
As a full voting member, Bulgaria will ensure that biodiversity data in the country will be shared and accessible through the platform, and will contribute to global knowledge on biodiversity, respectively to the solutions that will promote its conservation and sustainable use.
Bulgaria’s page on GBIF, as screenshot from https://www.gbif.org/country/BG/summary on 10/06/2025.
Improvements in data management by Bulgaria will also contribute to better reporting and fulfilment of obligations to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as well as to the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). As a member of GBIF, Bulgaria will be able to apply for funding for flagship activities in Bulgarian institutions and neighbouring Balkan countries. This will enable the country to expand its leadership role in the Balkans in biodiversity research and data accumulation.
The partnership between GBIF and Pensoft dates back to 2009 when the global network and the publisher signed their first Memorandum of Understanding intended to solidify their cooperation as leaders in the technological advancement relevant to biodiversity knowledge. Over the next few years, Pensoft integrated its whole biodiversity journal portfolio with the GBIF infrastructure to enable multiple automated workflows, including export of all species occurrence data published in scientific articles straight to the GBIF platform. Most recently, over 20 biodiversity journals powered by Pensoft’s scholarly publishing platform ARPHA launched their own hosted portals on GBIF to make it easier to access and use biodiversity data associated with published research, aligning with principles of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) data.
One year ago, Pensoft embarked on an exciting new journey to connect with the vibrant scientific community in China by launching our official Weibo account. This initiative was designed to foster closer ties with Chinese researchers, academics, and science enthusiasts—helping to broaden the reach of scientific knowledge and promote international collaboration.
Highlights from Our First Year
Over the past 12 months, we’ve shared a wide range of articles, research highlights, and updates from our diverse portfolio of open-access journals. Here are some of the most memorable moments from our first year:
Our most viewed video featured the discovery of three new species ofNautilus—the iconic deep-sea mollusks. Published in ZooKeys, the study described species from the Coral Sea and South Pacific. The video captivated marine biology fans and drew thousands of views. Videos are a powerful way to share science, and we encourage researchers to include video materials whenever possible!
Our most viral post introduced the newly described supergiant Bathynomus vaderi—a massive deep-sea isopod discovered off the coast of Vietnam. Its name, vaderi, was inspired by the creature’s head, which bears a striking resemblance to the iconic helmet worn by Darth Vader in Star Wars.
Another popular post highlighted new mimetid spider species (Araneae, Mimetidae) discovered in Guizhou Province, published in Zoosystematics and Evolution. The study shed light on the region’s rich spider biodiversity and sparked strong engagement from our Chinese followers. It seems that spiders are a consistent fan favorite, with arachnid discoveries regularly going viral on our Weibo!
Male holotype of Mimetuslanmeiae sp. nov., photograph by Q Lu (Shenzhen)
This trend continued with our most popular longread, which told the story of Otacilia khezu sp. nov., a newly discovered cave-dwelling spider from Guangxi, China, published in the Biodiversity Data Journal. What truly captured readers’ imaginations—beyond the biological discovery—was the name itself. The spider was named after the Khezu, a wyvern from the popular video game Monster Hunter, known for its blindness and eerie appearance. Just like its namesake, Otacilia khezu completely lacks eyes — a striking adaptation to life in the dark.
As we celebrate this milestone, we’re filled with excitement for what lies ahead. We look forward to continuing to share cutting-edge science, uncovering new discoveries, and building stronger connections with our Chinese readers and partners.
Thank you to everyone who has followed, shared, and supported us over the past year. Your engagement has made this journey meaningful and rewarding.
Launched in June 2024, the Horizon Europe-funded project: Fostering European Lakes Restoration by Nutrient Removal, Recovery and Reuse: Integrated Catchment and In-lake Scale Approach (FERRO) – brings together scientists, engineers, and environmental experts from across Europe to develop innovative, nature-based, and circular solutions to reduce nutrient pollution in freshwater ecosystems.
Eutrophication, caused by excessive nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen that enter lakes and reservoirs, remains one of the most pervasive threats to freshwater bodies. These excess nutrients often originate from agricultural runoff and wastewater discharges, resulting in algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and biodiversity loss.
FERRO addresses these challenges by working at both catchment scale and in-lake level, aiming not only toremove harmful nutrients, but also to recover and reuse them – aligning with Europe’s goals for circular economy and sustainable water management.
With a strong emphasis on interdisciplinary collaboration, FERRO combines natural science, engineering, economics, and policy to develop scalable restoration strategies adaptable across Europe’s diverse lake regions.
The FERRO consortium
FERRO unites seven partners from six European countries, each contributing unique expertise to the project’s holistic approach:
Together, these organisations form a powerhouse of knowledge, experience, and innovation in the fields of limnology, hydrology, environmental policy, circular resource use and communications.
Pensoft’s role in FERRO
As the leader of the Communication and Dissemination Work Package #2, Pensoft plays a key role in ensuring that FERRO’s results and insights reach the widest possible audience. The responsibilities include the development and maintenance of the project’s visual identity and digital presence, managing media relations, producing public outreach materials, and facilitating knowledge exchange between scientific, policy, and stakeholder communities. Pensoft also supports the strategic dissemination of scientific outputs and policy-relevant findings, ensuring alignment with the project’s broader impact goals.
FERRO marked its first anniversary with a successful General Assembly meeting held in Leipzig, Germany, between 20th and 22nd May. Over the three-day meeting, the project partners gathered to reflect on the progress achieved during the first year, align their visions for the project’s future, and collaboratively plan the next phases of implementation
As the project entered its second year, the Leipzig meeting served as a moment to evaluate initial findings, refine methodologies, and strengthen engagement with stakeholders at local, regional, and EU levels. The outcomes will guide the FERRO consortium in its continued efforts to advance lake restoration across Europe.
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Stay tuned for more updates as the FERRO project continues to develop and implement its solutions for healthier lakes and more sustainable nutrient management across Europe!
Ask any person around you, “how do you feel about insects?” and you’re likely to get a range of answers, most not so great. As entomologists, we’re always looking for new ways to do outreach and engage with the public at large, mostly so we can move the “feelings about insects” needle toward a little bit less icky.
Outreach can range from standalone events that we’re invited to all the way to large insect festivals that attract considerable audiences… like moths to flames. Occasionally, we do get asked to do something new and intriguing to reach a broader audience, and this time it was the Georgia Science Olympiad.
Schmitt boxes prepared for students to observe and interact with during the Outreach Day. This box displays families within the orders Diptera, Trichoptera and Hymenoptera and were selected, based on their large size and charismatic features. Students were allowed to view and handle specimens carefully to observe features and characteristics of each family.
Science Olympiad is a non-profit organization founded in 1984 with the goal of increasing science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) participation among students of primary and secondary grade levels in the United States. Science Olympiad boasts 23 different science-related events where groups of 2 -3 students participate and can earn awards by placing individually and/or as a team by combining scores.
Events range from testing to lab and build events, where students attempt to build the winning machine to the competition specifications. Additionally, Science Olympiad competitions rotate through a variety of field biology events, including Forestry, Herpetology, Ornithology, and Entomology …which is where I came in!
In 2024 and 2025, the Entomology rotation re-emerged, and the University of Georgia’s Department of Entomology was asked to participate in the organization and test writing for both high school and middle school divisions. Being ever excited to engage in new outreach opportunities, I jumped at the chance to participate.
Sample specimens used for the Science Olympiad Entomology Exam. Unit trays include the specimen for the individual station and the station number pinned in the top right corner.
Yash Sajjan and Vaishnavi Balaji, both students at the University of Georgia who participated in Science Olympiad in middle school and then dedicated themselves to organizing the event as university students, reached out to me to explain what they needed. Typically, entomology exams in other US states use photographs and images, but we decided that using real insect specimens would be much more impactful. Yash also told me he could write the exam easily, and as a point of pride (as both an entomologist and former educator), I let my ego win and offered to write the exam myself instead.
The exam consisted of 15 stations, 14 of which were real insect specimens and 1 that used a model of a bee or diagram of a grasshopper for the high school and middle school exams, respectfully. Each station had 4 – 7 questions that ranged from classification names to pest status to interesting behavioral aspects of the insect specimen, and students were given 50 minutes to complete the exam. For each exam, 9 – 10 insect orders were represented of the 29 listed on the 2025 National Entomology List put out by the Science Olympiad.
Because the Entomology exam was so successful, I was asked to help participate in the inaugural outreach day for Science Olympiad in Georgia which aimed to increase participation in Science Olympiad by providing demonstrations, activities, and resources for underserved counties in neighboring counties to University of Georgia.
Students and a teacher observe a Schmitt box with a variety of specimens during the Outreach Day for the Science Olympiad. Descriptions and meanings of the orders of insects are projected on the screen.
For this event, I was able to curate 23 of 29 insect orders and 70 of 100 families listed on the 2025 National Entomology List from a surplus collection from entomology coursework at UGA to show students. I worked to find either a specimen that exemplified the family or one that was extravagant enough to excite or interest students.
Overall, teachers, students, and the State Director for Science Olympiad were supportive and interested in using real insect specimens for the exam and outreach day. It gave students a chance to see an insect in 3-D beyond what an image can show.
Science Olympiad has the power to show students a variety of STEM fields and shape their future major choices and college experiences. Knowing this, entomologists and other professionals in STEM have a chance to engage with a group of often enthusiastic and interested students, encouraging them to see a new aspect of STEM and open their eyes to new experiences. In addition, the outreach day gave me a chance to connect with teachers which may gain confidence in the material, which directly impacts how students engage with and explore various topics. If as entomologists we bug teachers and students into appreciating a few bugs a bit more, then we’ve done our best work for outreach!
Original source
Carruthers K, Sajjan Y, Balaji V (2025) Use of insect specimens for Science Olympiad entomology exam in Georgia, USA. Natural History Collections and Museomics 2: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/nhcm.2.153727
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