The agreement covers almost 100 institutions, including Karolinska Institutet, Lund University, Uppsala University, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Pensoft and the Bibsam Consortium, operated by the National Library of Sweden, are pleased to announce the signing of a comprehensive Open Access (OA) agreement, marking a significant step in the transition towards a more transparent and open scholarly publishing landscape in Sweden.
Thanks to this move, researchers at participating institutions will be able to publish their findings in 65 journals published by Pensoft or using its advanced publishing platform ARPHA, including flagship titles such as ZooKeys, PhytoKeys, Biodiversity Data Journal, NeoBiota and IMA Fungus, without incurring individual article processing charges (APCs).
All authors affiliated with participating institutions can benefit from this agreement, with publishing costs 100% covered by an institutional deposit secured by the National Library of Sweden.
Unlike subscription-based systems, an OA framework ensures that scientific findings are immediately and freely available to the global community, supporting the global shift toward accessible science and adhering to the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable).
OA agreements like this one reduce the financial burden on scientists and encourage them to share their work with both academia and the wider public, ultimately lowering barriers to sharing knowledge in a time when scientific input is key to resolving global challenges.
“We are excited to start this partnership with Bisbam and sign an agreement that reflects our strong commitment to open science. By supporting researcher-driven publishing, we continue to foster a sustainable environment for high-impact scientific communication.”
Prof. Lyubomir Penev, CEO of Pensoft
“We are delighted to announce the addition of Pensoft Publishers to our portfolio of nationally funded agreements for 2026. This represents an important step towards achieving full open access to scientific publications in Sweden.”
Niklas Willén, License Manager at Bibsam Consortium and National Library of Sweden
Are you affiliated with a research institution operating with OA agreements? Is your institution interested in helping resident researchers navigate the complex processes underpinning academic publishing and knowledge sharing? Reach out to <publishing@pensoft.net> to discuss a potential collaboration.
Estuarine Management and Technologies now accepted in the Directory of Open Access Journals: a key scientific index, internationally renowned as a trusted quality filter for open-access journals.
Having EMT accepted by DOAJ means that the journal has successfully passed a thorough assessment concerning its compliance with global standards of ethics, transparency and quality. The evaluation conducted by DOAJ includes an examination of the journal’s peer-review processes, editorial governance, transparency (e.g. publication fees, funding) and ethical policies (e.g. plagiarism, conflicts of interest). For many institutions, funders and libraries, DOAJ is seen as a credibility signal that distinguishes legitimate journals from predatory and/or low-quality ones.
The journal’s recognition comes only two years after the journal was launched as part of a promising joint initiative between a team of scientists headed by Dr. Soufiane Haddout (Ibn Tofail University, Morocco) and the open-access scientific publisher and technology provider Pensoft.
All articles published in the journal are already indexed and browsable on DOAJ. Future papers will be fetched by the platform right after they are published in EMT due to the automated data export workflows powered by Pensoft’s in-house ARPHA Publishing Platform.
Since early 2024, the journal has been seeking to support the exchange of research findings and ideas related to the conservation and sustainable management of estuarine ecosystems by utilising new technology and novel approaches. To further support scientists from around the globe, the journal operates under a Diamond Open Access model, meaning that neither publishing, nor reading incurs charges for authors or readers, respectively.
Today, EMT welcomes studies from a wide spectrum of disciplines, including physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and hydrology, with a focus on interdisciplinary, multifaceted approaches and holistic perspectives. A unique feature of the journal is its diverse range of publication types, such as Education & Communication, Estuarine scientists and Video paper in 180s.
“We are proud to announce that Estuarine Management and Technologies has achieved indexing in the Directory of Open Access Journals: our first significant milestone on the path to greater visibility and impact in the global scholarly community,”
said Dr. Soufiane Haddout, on behalf of the journal’s Editorial Board.
“This crucial first step in our indexing journey validates EMT’s commitment to rigorous, transparent, and immediately accessible research on technological innovations for estuarine research, management, and conservation. DOAJ inclusion enhances discoverability for our authors’ work and strengthens our role in advancing interdisciplinary solutions for these vital ecosystems.We are grateful to our authors, reviewers, and the Pensoft team,”
With 55% of its native habitat gone, the Cerrado is in crisis. Preserving this biodiversity hotspot demands immediate reform and the protection of Indigenous rights.
“In addition to surviving some of the poorest soils in intertropical Brazil, the vegetation of the Cerrado has achieved the ecological feat of withstanding wildfires, rising from its own ashes like a kind of phoenix among Brazil’s ecosystems. It cannot, however, withstand the violent technological artifices invented by so-called civilized men.”
Aziz Ab’Saber, 2003 (translated)
Often overshadowed by the Amazon, the Cerrado is the second-largest Ecodomain in South America. Despite covering 24% of the territory and sustaining major watersheds, it has historically been sidelined in global conservation dialogues.
Our detailed review recently published in Nature Conservation warns that this biodiversity hotspot is currently facing a massive, multi-faceted ecological crisis. Despite its significance, the region has seen more than 55% of its native vegetation converted, an area exceeding 1 million km², with the vast majority of this destruction occurring within the last five decades.
Land use and land cover (LULC) in the Cerrado Ecodomain in 1985 and 2023, revealing significant changes in the spatial structure of the territory. An intensification of human activities can be observed, with emphasis on agricultural expansion, which resulted in the significant replacement of native vegetation by alternative uses. This process represents an accelerated landscape transformation over the last four decades. These maps were made using the Cerrado shapefile developed by Cássio Cardoso Pereira, with LULC data available from MapBiomas (2024).
While recent data suggests a slight reduction in annual deforestation rates, the accumulated loss continues to climb, making the Cerrado the Ecodomain in Brazil with the greatest loss of native vegetation.
Annual clearing in the Cerrado (2001–2025) according to PRODES (INPE 2025). Bars represent the total area cleared each year (km²), with colors ranging from dark orange (highest values) to light orange (lowest values), indicating relative variation in intensity. Arrows indicate the percentage change compared to the previous year: increases (↑, red), decreases (↓, green), and stability (→, black, 0.0%). These data do not detect degradation, only complete removal of natural vegetation. Annual data refer to the so-called “reference year”, which runs from August of one year to July of the following year, based on satellite images with a resolution of 10 to 30 meters. The icons used in this figure are from Wikimedia licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Figure design: Cássio Cardoso Pereira.
This expansion is driven by a combination of agricultural and urban growth, mining, and land speculation, creating a landscape that is increasingly fragmented and ecologically compromised.
Inverted forest and hidden carbon
One of the things that make Cerrado truly unique is its “inverted forest“. Unlike tropical rainforests that store their biomass in high canopies, the Cerrado has achieved an ecological feat of survival by storing approximately 90% of its carbon belowground through massive, deep root systems. This underground network makes the Ecodomain a critical carbon sink and a primary regulator of water.
Schematic representation of the distribution of carbon stocks in the Cerrado, characterized as an “inverted forest” due to the predominance of biomass and carbon belowground. Estimates were obtained from Terra et al. (2023). Figure design: Walisson Kenedy-Siqueira.
However, misguided restoration efforts that focus solely on planting exotic trees in naturally open areas can further exacerbate this issue, highlighting the need for restoration strategies that prioritize ecological functionality and native seed banks over simple afforestation.
Ecosystem diversity and conservation challenges
However, it is not just the vast tropical savanna in Cerrado that makes up this inverted forest, but the complex and interdependent mosaic of grasslands, savannas, and forests, each with distinct structures, ecological processes, and vulnerabilities. Treating it as homogeneous invisibilizes both grassland and forest formations, complicating effective conservation policies.
For example, natural grasslands, especially in the montane Campos Rupestres, occupy limited areas, harbor high endemism, and face strong pressures from mining, biological invasions, and increased fire. Whilst savannas, although dominant in the area, have been widely converted into monocultures, exotic pastures, and forestry, compromising ecological integrity.
Main anthropogenic threats to the Cerrado resulting from land-use changes, ranked by impact on each ecosystem type (I–III: grassland, savanna, and forest). The ecosystems illustrated are according to Ribeiro and Walter (2008). For more details on each ecosystem. Figure design: Walisson Kenedy-Siqueira.
Even though some species are adapted to natural fire, many ecosystems, such as forests, the marshland formationsVeredas, and the montane Campos Rupestres, are highly vulnerable. Exotic species invasions and increased frequency and intensity of fires exacerbate ecological losses even without direct deforestation. We’ve found out that nearly all fires in the Cerrado are human-induced and occur outside natural regimes, causing cumulative degradation.
Threatened biodiversity and conservation gaps
Our research highlights a troubling pattern of ‘silent extinctions’ across the Cerrado. While this Ecodomain is home to thousands of unique plants and animals, we have identified a massive gap in how these species are monitored. Plants and invertebrates are the most threatened yet the least studied. This means species are vanishing before they can even be scientifically documented. Current policies are failing because they rely on incomplete data; we cannot protect what we have not yet cataloged. To prevent total collapse, we must expand our conservation criteria to protect not just individual species, but the complex ecological interactions that sustain the region’s water and soil.
Percentage distribution of threatened species among different biological groups in the Cerrado. The information was adapted from the IUCN Red List (2024), the Flora and Funga of Brazil portal (2024), the official national list of threatened species by MMA (2022), terrestrial vertebrate data from Vieira-Alencar et al. (2025), freshwater fish data from Lima and Ribeiro (2011), and invertebrate data from Embrapa (2023). Figure design: Walisson Kenedy-Siqueira.
Cerrado’s water crisis
The environmental crisis in the Cerrado is also a “silent water crisis” that threatens Brazil’s national security. The Ecodomain sustains the country’s main watersheds and major aquifers, yet this balance is being disrupted by irrigated agriculture, agrochemical contamination, and dam construction. Excessive surface and groundwater withdrawal is already leading to reduced river flows and the degradation of Veredas, which are essential for water regulation.
Paradoxically, the very sectors that drive this degradation, such as agribusiness and energy production, are the most dependent on these water resources, creating a cycle of increasing water insecurity. Protecting the Cerrado’s riparian zones and aquifers is no longer just an environmental concern but a prerequisite for the survival of the regional economy and climate resilience.
Disconnect between law and reality
The Cerrado is facing a dangerous disconnect between environmental law and ecological reality. Our research reveals that current protection is startlingly thin: while we cataloged 706 Conservation Units, they cover only 8% of the Ecodomain, with less than3% under strict protection.
To assist researchers and policymakers, we have compiled an unprecedented dataset of these units, including the often overlooked Private Natural Heritage Reserves (RPPNs) and crucial ecotones, available at: https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.61.168273.suppl1.
However, data alone isn’t enough. The Brazilian Forest Code, specifically the 20% Reserva Legal (RL) and the narrow 30-meter Áreas de Preservação Permanent (APPs) are ecologically insufficient. These leave vital formations like Veredas and Campos Rupestres as isolated, vulnerable fragments.
To prevent ecosystem collapse and secure Brazil’s water supply, we advocate for urgent reforms: increasing RL requirements to at least 35%, expanding protection zones to reflect biological reality, and enforcing strict traceability to decouple agricultural production from habitat loss.
Recognition and protection of Indigenous lands
Kayapó people from the state of Pará. Their lands are located in the Amazon, but include a Cerrado enclave, which is shown in the review. Photo credit to: Adriano Adriano Jerozolimski
Beyond legal designations, we emphasize that the future of the Cerrado depends on recognizing the rights of Indigenous peoples, whose traditional knowledge and sustainable land management have maintained the ecosystem’s balance for millennia.
For instance, recent laws such as the Marco Temporal and agribusiness proposals threaten to reduce their territories and accelerate biodiversity loss, making it urgent to protect and fully recognize these lands to conserve the Cerrado and its ecological resilience.
Mobilizing knowledge and adding value
Effective conservation requires recognizing the Cerrado as a biodiversity hotspot with dedicated legal instruments capable of protecting its full ecological heterogeneity.
Moving forward, the extractive logic of the past must be replaced with with regenerative systems, prioritizing conservation, restoration, and biodiversity-based economic alternatives, including agroforestry, payments for ecosystem services, fiscal incentives such as ICMS Ecológico. Ultimately, these measures will help promote conservation, social justice and sustainable certifications that recognize the Cerrado’s biodiversity as a core economic asset
Original publicaiton:
Pereira, C.C., Walisson Kenedy-Siqueira, Maia, L.R., da, V., Arantes-Garcia, L., Fernandes, S., França, G., Carvalho, G., Rodrigues, J., Salm, R. and Fearnside, P.M. (2026). The Cerrado crisis review: highlighting threats and providing future pathways to save Brazil’s biodiversity hotspot. Nature Conservation, 61, pp.29–70. doi: https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.61.168273
Continuing its tradition, Pensoft Publishers honors its authors and editors with awards for the most cited 3-year-old articles and the most active editors of 2025.
As per tradition, every January we at Pensoft Publishers celebrate the achievements of our authors and editors through our annual award initiative, which spotlights the most cited articles from several flagship journals and recognizes some of our most dedicated editors.
Traditionally, the award is presented in two categories:
Leading authors of the three most cited 3-year-old scientific articles.
The three editors, who have demonstrated the highest level of activity over 2025.
This year, our open-access journals participating in the awards are:
Found on Bluesky, X and Facebook, this journal is designated to accelerate data-rich publications and innovative formats that make biodiversity information easier to discover, reuse, and integrate.
The most impactful papers of 2022 for Biodiversity Data Journal are:
An updated checklist of Azorean arthropods (Arthropoda) (2022). Authored by Borges PAV, Lamelas-Lopez L, Andrade R, Lhoumeau S, Vieira V, Soares AO, Borges I, Boieiro M, Cardoso P, Crespo LCF, Karsholt O, Schülke M, Serrano ARM, Quartau JA, Assing V.
We would also like to extend our sincere gratitude to our editorial team for their commitment throughout 2025. This year, we are proud to recognize the journal’s three most prolific contributors:
Open-access scientific journal that is internationally recognized as a leading outlet for describing new animal species and advancing modern, data-driven zoological taxonomy. Found on Bluesky, X and Facebook.
The most impactful papers of 2022 for ZooKeys are:
Catalogue of the Diptera (Insecta) of Morocco—an annotated checklist, with distributions and a bibliography(2022). By Kettani K, Ebejer MJ, Ackland DM, Bächli G, Barraclough D, Barták M, Carles-Tolrá M, Černý M, Cerretti P, Chandler P, Dakki M, Daugeron C, De Jong H, Dils J, Disney H, Droz B, Evenhuis N, Gatt P, Graciolli G, Grichanov IY, Haenni J-P, Hauser M, Himmi O, MacGowan I, Mathieu B, Mouna M, Munari L, Nartshuk EP, Negrobov OP, Oosterbroek P, Pape T, Pont AC, Popov GV, Rognes K, Skuhravá M, Skuhravý V, Speight M, Tomasovic G, Trari B, Tschorsnig H-P, Vala J-C, von Tschirnhaus M, Wagner R, Whitmore D, Woźnica AJ, Zatwarnicki T, Zwick P.
Benthic megafauna of the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean (2022). Authored by Bribiesca-Contreras G, Dahlgren TG, Amon DJ, Cairns S, Drennan R, Durden JM, Eléaume MP, Hosie AM, Kremenetskaia A, McQuaid K, O’Hara TD, Rabone M, Simon-Lledó E, Smith CR, Watling L, Wiklund H, Glover AG.
We are also delighted to award the three editors who have completed the highest number of editorial tasks over the past year.
A key open-access journal for documenting fungal diversity worldwide and promoting modern mycological research and taxonomy. It can be found on Bluesky, X and Facebook.
PhytoKeys plays a central role in publishing research on global plant diversity and supporting cutting-edge research in plant systematics and evolution. Found on Bluesky, X and Facebook.
We would also like to acknowledge the dedication of our editors in 2025. The three most active editors receiving this year’s recognition are:
Lorenzo Peruzzi
Blanca León
Alexander Sennikov
On behalf of the journals’ publisher, Pensoft, we wish to thank ALL authors, editors, reviewers and readers for their continued support and engagement.
We once again invite our readers to celebrate these contributions and to engage with the featured articles and editor profiles, recognizing the collective effort that supports high-quality, open-access scholarly publishing.
Found on Bluesky and Facebook, this is journal with a vast scope covering all aspects of nature conservation and integrating research on the ecological, evolutionary, economic, and social dimensions of conservation management.
The most impactful papers of 2022 for Nature Conservation are:
From fieldwork to first publication in the journal Vegetation Classification Survey, Lina Rinne reflects on her research in Lemnos, Greece. Alongside Erwin Bergmeier and Stefan Meyer, she tracks her path from a 2024 field trip to a 2025 publication, exploring the island’s unique agro-ecosystems.
I was introduced to the island of Lemnos during a university field trip in 2024, while I was still a master’s student. At the time, I admittedly questioned Erwin’s and Stefan’s choice of destination—why not go to a “cool” island like Crete? However, now, after two visits to Lemnos, I have to say that this island is very special. As my very first scientific publication focuses on this island—and was selected as an Editors’ Choice paper in the last quarter of 2025—Lemnos will always have a place in my heart.
The path to that publication was anything but straightforward. Fortunately, my supervisors and co-authors, Erwin and Stefan, supported me throughout the entire process.
Erwin Bergmeier and Stefan Meyer are well known to researchers working on arable plant diversity, whether in Greece, Germany, or beyond. They have been involved in numerous projects, and only a few people know arable fields, their plant species, and communities better than they do.
Their work on Lemnos began in 2018 as part of the Terra Lemnia project , a local initiative established by the Mediterranean Institute for Nature and Anthropos (MedINA). The project aims to understand and preserve the island’s arable plant diversity and to support farmers to maintain the less intensive, “traditional” agriculture on the island.
Barley field with a rich diversity of arable plants, among others Papaver rhoeas, Rapistrum rugosum, Glebionis segetum, and Agrostemma githago, Lemnos, May 2025. The harsh volcanic landscape of the Fakos peninsula is visible in the background (photo credit: Lina Rinne)
On Lemnos, most agricultural fields are used to grow rain-fed fodder crops for sheep and goats. As they are mainly interested in biomass, eradicating wild arable plants (“weeds”) would be more costly than simply tolerating them. This farming reality has allowed an exceptionally high diversity of arable plants to persist—a central focus of our study.
During the master’s field trip in spring 2024, Erwin and Stefan introduced us to the island, the Terra Lemnia project, and local farmers. We explored a wide range of landscapes and attractions: the medieval castle overlooking the island’s capital Myrina, the wetlands and salt lakes in eastern Lemnos, the Ammothínes—striking inland sand dunes resembling a small desert—and Poliochni, often referred to as the “oldest city in Europe”.
At the time, arable plants played only a minor role in my perception, and I certainly did not expect that my academic journey would soon lead me back to Lemnos—and specifically to its agricultural fields.
That changed when I started my PhD in July 2024 with a research focus on Greek agro-ecosystems. We decided to use Lemnos as the basis for my first publication, contributing to the VCS Special Collection“Vegetation classification of islands and archipelagos”. Given my familiarity with the island and the extensive vegetation survey data collected by Erwin and Stefan over several years, it was the perfect starting point.
In January 2025, Erwin and Stefan handed me their dataset, wished me “good luck,” and I began working through the data in R. It was a learning process in every sense. Many species were unfamiliar to me, and even online resources did not always provide clear answers. Gradually, however, my understanding of the data—and of the community patterns it contained—improved. This was greatly helped by accompanying Erwin and Stefan during their fieldwork on Lesvos and Lemnos in spring 2025.
Standing in the agricultural fields and seeing species I had previously known only from spreadsheets and photographs brought the data to life. It also reinforced just how unusual Lemnos is from a Central European perspective. Many people of my generation grew up surrounded by heavily managed and sprayed fields, where a single red poppy is a photo-worthy sight.
In contrast, the cereal and pulse fields of Lemnos are colorful: yellow Brassicaceae grow alongside seas of red poppies, the pink flowers of Agrostemma githago (which is basically eradicated in Germany), and so many Trifolium species that it was difficult to keep track of them all.
Erwin Bergmeier conducting a vegetation survey on a rotational fallow dominated by Anchusa hybrida in front of a small Greek chapel on Lemnos, May 2025 (photo credit: Lina Rinne)
During our fieldwork, I learned a lot from Erwin and Stefan. We sampled additional fields for our study, and Erwin pointed out the soil differences (from sandy to loamy) that translated into the vegetation patterns revealed in the data analysis. I also took many pictures and notes to remember the fields and the species.
Fieldwork in Greece, of course, also comes with its own rewards: bathing in hot springs or the Mediterranean Sea, enjoying local dishes grown on the very fields we studied, encountering rare and fascinating bird species (including flamingos!), and meeting local colleagues and friends. Some of them joined us during fieldwork or helped us talk to local farmers, which provided valuable insight into agricultural management practices on the island and their socio-ecological context.
Back in Germany, it was time for a major overhaul of the analyses and manuscript. I incorporated what I had learned during fieldwork, and together with my co-authors, we integrated their extensive knowledge of Lemnos’ agro-ecosystems and arable plant communities.
By May, the writing and revision process was in full swing. Drafting, discussing, revising, and finalizing figures and tables continued until July, when we finally submitted the manuscript to Vegetation Classification and Survey.
As my first publication, the peer-review and production process has been a steep learning experience, involving multiple rounds of revisions and corrections. In the end, however, it was immensely rewarding.
We are very happy to have drawn attention to this remarkable island and to the often-overlooked topic of arable plant biodiversity. Lemnos is well worth visiting in spring (or any other season)—whether for its colorful fields, the diversity of migrating birds, unique landscapes, historical landmarks, or great food. Just be prepared for strong winds and surprisingly cold temperatures; at times, I wore nearly all my clothes at once to stay warm.
Original source:
Rinne, L., Meyer, S. and Bergmeier, E. (2025). Soil and season shape less intensively managed agro-ecosystems of a Mediterranean island—Insights from Lemnos (Greece). Vegetation Classification and Survey, 6, pp.253–271. doi: https://doi.org/10.3897/vcs.164437
Vegetation classification is complex and often subjective, shaped by diverse perspectives. The 4th EDGG Field Workshop in Sicily underscored these challenges, highlighting the need for collaborative observation and the ongoing refinement of ecological definitions in an ever-changing landscape.
Long before any field workshop, before any grant application and academic unfairness, before any politely worded review that praises the dataset while questioning the premises, there was a man standing on a slope of sunburnt clay, wondering whether vegetation really wished to be classified at all.
That man knew (though he rarely said it aloud) that vegetation classification is an act of faith disguised as method. Like all faiths, it requires ritual (the plot, the relevé, the cover estimate), a shared language (alliances, orders, classes), officiants (distinguished professors), and a community small enough to agree without ever fully agreeing. He also knew, with a lucidity bordering on pessimism, that this faith is always betrayed by arithmetic: too few observers, too many species, too much heterogeneity compressed into too small a square of ground. Even if Sicily was overrun by phytosociologists, the resulting map would still be a pale approximation of what the vegetation actually is: a shimmering, restless negotiation among climate, soil, disturbance, chance, and time. These ideas would later harden into equations and arguments, written with some disenchantment in a paper about classification efficiency and sustainable compromise (Guarino et al., 2022).
Careful sampling of a nested plot in a dry grassland in western Sicily during the EDGG Field Workshop 2012. Photo credit: Thomas Becker, 2012
But in 2012, there was still considerable unease. Unease, however, can be productive. Schopenhauer would have called it the friction between Will and Representation; Calvino might have imagined it as a labyrinth of syntaxonomic schemes; a vegetation ecologist would simply recognize it as the moment when field reality refuses to align with inherited categories. In Sicily, this moment occurs often. Annuals and perennials intertwine like disputing narratives. Communities appear discrete in full summer, when annuals almost disappear, and blur by the next spring. The same slope, revisited a year later, tells a different story with the same protagonists.
It was from this discomfort – and not despite it – that the idea emerged to invite outsiders. Not reviewers, not authorities, but colleagues shaped by different landscapes and different traditions: Central and Northern European vegetation ecologists accustomed to recording every detectable species within a plot, mosses and lichens included, trusting that completeness might tame ambiguity. Bringing them to Sicily was an experiment in epistemology: what would Mediterranean vegetation look like through Central European eyes?
Would the preconceptual separation into separate sampling units, Lygeo-Stipetea versus Stipo-Trachynietea, Ammophilion versus Alkanno-Maresion nanae, survive such scrutiny? Or would they collapse into something less Manichean, but perhaps more honest?
Thus, the fourth EDGG Field Workshop was organized, quietly radical in its intent (Guarino et al. 2012). The island became a laboratory of perspectives. On coastal sands, inland clays, volcanic substrates, and evaporitic hills, small squares of ground were subjected to a level of attention usually reserved for more anthropocentric (eco?) systems. Every terricolous autotrophic organism was invited to the census. The plots filled with names, then with doubts, then with discussions that were sometimes technical, sometimes philosophical, in a distinctly Pirandellian sense: Which community is this? And who am I to decide?
Searching for a suitable place for a nested plot in dry grasslands on the eastern flank of Mt. Etna (Sant’Alfio) at 1200 m a.s.l. Photo credit: Iwona Dembicz, 2012
The reader knows how this story ends, because it has already been written several times. The analyses would show higher diversity than expected, blurred boundaries where syntaxonomical schemes promised clarity, and clusters that made ecological sense without offering metaphysical comfort. The separation between annual and perennial grasslands, so carefully defended in Mediterranean sampling tradition, would refuse to emerge cleanly when confronted with comprehensive data. The resulting paper, gestated over years of reflection and discussion, would eventually articulate these tensions with composure (hopefully…), acknowledging both the power and the limits of any classification.
And yet, the true outcome of the 4th EDGG Field Workshop was not a dendrogram or a table of diagnostic species. It was the confirmation of a long-harboured suspicion: that objectivity in vegetation science is not a destination, but a direction. One walks toward it, knowing it will never be reached, much like the horizon across Sicilian hills. The value lies in the walking, in the shared protocols, the disagreements conducted in good faith, and the willingness to see one’s own landscape through new eyes.
From the outside, the decision to organize an international field workshop might appear strategic, even confident. In truth, it is an existential gesture: a way of saying that if classification is inevitably subjective, then the only ethical response is to multiply viewpoints; if approximation is unavoidable, then one must at least approximate together.
Vegetation, after all, does not care how it is classified. But vegetation ecologists do. And in that caring, temporally limited, often contested, and persistently unfinished, lies both the burden and the dignity of their work.
In spring, there was still a bit of snow on Mt. Etna, giving the team of the 4th EDGG Field Workshop the chance to present themselves in front of the EDGG logo carved in the snow. Photo credit: Thomas Becker, 2012
Original study:
Guarino, R., Becker, T., Iwona Dembicz, Dolnik, C., Kozub, Ł. and Dengler, J. (2025). Dry grasslands of Sicily: Multi-taxon diversity and classification challenges. Vegetation Classification and Survey, 6, pp.301–327. doi: https://doi.org/10.3897/VCS.175402
If you wish to know how the author team, 13 years after the field sampling, combined their contrasting viewpoints into a joint perspective, please visit our paper (Guarino et al. 2025). If you are interested in the EDGG Field Workshops, you can find information on the EDGG webpage at https://edgg.org/fw/overview. More details about sampling methodology are available in Dengler et al. (2016). To understand how the Field Workshops in general contribute to the understanding of the diversity patterns of Palaearctic open habitats, you might visit the GrassPlot Diversity Explorer (https://edgg.org/databases/GrasslandDiversityExplorer; see also Biurrun et al. 2021). There have been 21 EDGG Field Workshops since the first event in Transylvania in 2009 (Dengler et al. 2012). They often give rise to influential papers on biodiversity patterns (e.g., Turtureanu et al. 2014; Cancellieri et al. 2024) and syntaxonomy (e.g., García-Mijangos et al. 2021; Vynokurov et al. 2024). In 2025, there were two great Field Workshops, one in the Maritime and Ligurian Alps of Italy and one in the Turku Archipelago of Finland (Miskova et al. 2025). In 2026, there will again be one or two Field Workshops, one in conjunction with the Eurasian Grassland Conference in Bulgaria (Vynokurov et al. 2025), the second still to be discussed. If you are interested in more details, please consult the webpage or contact Jürgen Dengler, the Deputy Field Workshop Coordinator.
References:
Biurrun, I., Pielech, R., Dembicz, I., Gillet, F., Kozub, L., Marcenò, C., Reitalu, T., Van Meerbeek, K., Guarino, R., (…) & Dengler, J. (2021) Benchmarking plant diversity of Palaearctic grasslands and other open habitats. Journal of Vegetation Science 32: e13050. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.13050
Cancellieri, L., Sperandii, M.G., Rosati, L., Bellisario, B., Franceschini, C., Aleffi, M., Bartolucci, F., Becker, T., Belonovskaya, E., (…) & Filibeck, G. (2024) Drivers of vascular plant, bryophyte and lichen richness in grasslands along a precipitation gradient (central Apennines, Italy). Journal of Vegetation Science 35: e13305. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.13305
Dengler, J., Becker, T., Ruprecht, E., Szabó, A., Becker, U., Beldean, M., Bita-Nicolae, C., Dolnik, C., Goia, I., (…) & Uğurlu, E. (2012): Festuco-Brometea communities of the Transylvanian Plateau (Romania) – a preliminary overview on syntaxonomy, ecology, and biodiversity. Tuexenia 32: 319–359.
Dengler, J., Boch, S., Filibeck, G., Chiarucci, A., Dembicz, I., Guarino, R., Henneberg, B., Janišová, M., Marcenò, C., (…) & Biurrun, I. 2016. Assessing plant diversity and composition in grasslands across spatial scales: the standardised EDGG sampling methodology. Bulletin of the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group 32: 13−30.
García-Mijangos, I., Berastegi, A., Biurrun, I., Dembicz, I., Janišová, M., Kuzemko, A., Vynokurov, D., Ambarlı, D., Etayo, J., (…) & Dengler, J. (2021) Grasslands of Navarre (Spain), focusing on the Festuco-Brometea: classification, hierarchical expert system and characterisation. Vegetation Classification and Survey 2: 195–231.
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Guarino, R., Guccione, M., Gillet, F. (2022) Plant communities, synusiae and the arithmetic of a sustainable classification. Vegetation Classification and Survey 3: 7–13. https://doi.org/10.3897/VCS.60951
Guarino, R., Becker, T., Dembicz, I., Dolnik, C., Kozub, Ł., Dengler, J. (2025) Dry grasslands of Sicily: Multi-taxon diversity and classification challenges. Vegetation Classification and Survey 6: 301−327. https://doi.org/10.3897/VCS.175402
Miskova, O., Borovyk, D., Dengler, J., Fahs, N., Mussaari, M., Nikolei, R., Rabyk, I., Skobel, N., Tyshchenko, O., Vynokurov, D. (2025) Diversity of grasslands and other open habitats in the Turku Archipelago, Finland: Impressions from the 21st EDGG Field Workshop, 28 June to 6 July 2025. Palaearctic Grasslands 65: 36-51. https://doi.org/10.21570/EDGG.PG.65.36-51
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Vynokurov, D., Aleksanyan, A., Becker, T., Biurrun, I. Borovyk, D., Fayvush, G., García-Mijangos, I., Magnes, M., Palpurina, S., (…) & Dengler, J. (2024) Dry grasslands and thorn-cushion communities of Armenia: a first syntaxonomic classification. Vegetation Classification and Survey 5: 39–73. https://doi.org/10.3897/VCS.119253
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Guest blog post by Manfredo A. Turcios-Casco, José G. Martínez-Fonseca, and Bruce Miller
Honduras has officially documented, for the first time, the presence of Cormura brevirostris—a little-known bat species from the Emballonuridae family, recognizable by a unique vocal pattern of three short calls that rise in frequency. The discovery was made through acoustic monitoring in the remote La Moskitia region of eastern Honduras, an area with historically limited research on bats.
Cormura brevirostris. Photo by José G. Martínez-Fonseca
The confirmation comes from two field expeditions carried out between December 2024 and May 2025 in the community of Mavita and within the Warunta Conservation Area, both located in the department of Gracias a Dios. These sites form a mosaic of forests, river corridors, and natural clearings that support specialized and disturbance-sensitive wildlife.
Unlike traditional methods that rely on capturing bats, the identification of Cormura brevirostris was achieved solely through its vocalizations. The acoustic signatures recorded in the field showed clear and consistent patterns that distinguish the species from other bats in the region, allowing for confident confirmation through manual review and comparison with verified acoustic libraries.
During the early stages of processing, some automated systems misidentified the calls as belonging to the genus Molossus. A more detailed examination of call characteristics corrected these misclassifications and verified the presence of Cormura brevirostris. This finding highlights both the power of acoustic monitoring and the importance of expert validation, as automated models alone can produce misleading results.
A composite of two recorded sequences of the verified calls of Cormura brevirostris from Gracias a Dios department, Honduras. The ones on the left display multiple species in the recording; the red boxes isolate the calls from those of Molossus molossus . On the right is another sequence recorded in the absence of other species. Frequency of the knee (Fc) as a log scale is the Y axis (kHz), and the time between pulses is on the X axis, shown in compressed mode with the interpulse times visually removed. Image by Bruce Miller
C. brevirostris is the only species in its genus and is believed to be primarily crepuscular, favoring forest edges and open spaces within lowland tropical rainforest environments. Although past distribution maps and regional checklists hinted at the species’ potential occurrence in Honduras, no confirmed records existed until now.
This new record expands the known range of the species by more than 160 km to the north and raises the number of bat species documented in Honduras to 115. Beyond its scientific significance, the discovery showcases acoustic monitoring as a valuable tool for detecting rare or elusive species in remote, understudied landscapes.
Cormura brevirostris. Photo by José G. Martínez-Fonseca
The finding was made possible thanks to collaboration between researchers, conservation organizations, and local communities. In Mavita, the involvement of the Miskitu community and the Apu Pauni project—focused on protecting forests and emblematic wildlife such as the scarlet macaw—has indirectly contributed to the conservation of other species, including bats. The study was supported by the Biodiverse Landscapes Fund (BLF), the Protected Areas and Wildlife Fund (FAPVS), the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), and local partners.
The results highlight the importance of strengthening scientific research and community-based conservation in La Moskitia, a strategic region within the Mesoamerican Great Forests, currently threatened by deforestation, illegal cattle ranching, and wildlife trafficking.
Research article:
Turcios-Casco MA, Martínez-Fonseca JG, Miller B (2025) Listening northward: first evidence of Cormura brevirostris (Wagner, 1843) (Emballonuridae, Chiroptera) in Honduras. Check List 21(6): 1262-1270. https://doi.org/10.15560/21.6.1262
In the rugged hills of Shiren Gou, Urumqi, in China, a field research trip turned into a scientific discovery for middle school student Wang Yuheng. In June, 2022, while exploring, the student spotted an insect with an unusual metallic luster on its body.
After several days of comparisons, he made a bold claim: this was a new species that he had never seen before!
The discovery was published in the open-access journal ZooKeys, marking the first record of Cheiroplatys aiweiae in China, as well as the first documented distribution of Cheironitis moeris in the country.
Photo of Wang Yuheng. Credit to the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps No. 2 Middle School WeChat Official Account
However, turning the discovery of the new species into a published paper wasn’t easy for Wang. He was faced with language barriers, struggled with report structure, and grappled with complex scientific terms. Undeterred, he consulted existing literature, double-checked data, and worked through multiple revisions until the manuscript was finally ready for publication.
By tradition, the discoverer of a new species has the right to name it. Endearingly, Wang chose the name Cheiroplatys aiweiae after his mother’s name, honoring her unwavering support throughout the research and publication process.
Original source:
Wang, Y., Montreuil, O. and Coppo, P. (2025). A new species of Cheironitis van Lansberge, 1875 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Onitini) and the first record of Cheironitis moeris (Pallas, 1787) from China. ZooKeys, 1265, pp.151–158. doi: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1265.174240
Australian botanists have newly identified Solanum nectarifolium, or the Tanami Bush Tomato, from historical specimens collected near the northern edge of the Tanami Desert.
Specialized Organs for Feeding Ants are First of Their Kind.
LEWISBURG, Pa. — A recent study led by Bucknell University Professor Chris Martine, biology, the David Burpee Professor in Plant Genetics & Research, has identified and described a new species of bush tomato with a special connection to ants — a taxonomic journey sparked by unusual specimens held in Australian herbarium collections.
The study, co-authored by a set of Australian botanists and Jason Cantley — the former Burpee Postdoctoral Fellow in Botany at Bucknell who is now Associate Professor of Biology at San Francisco State University — was published in the open-access journal PhytoKeys and underscores the critical role that natural history collections play in biodiversity science. The new species, Solanum nectarifolium, or the Tanami Bush Tomato, was named for the location of its original collection area — the northern edge of the Tanami Desert — and for the uniquely conspicuous nectar-producing organs on the undersides of its leaves.
Solanum nectarifolium, a newly-described species of Australian bush tomato. Photo credit: Kym Brennan.
Martine first had an inkling that something was unusual about the plants from that region of the Northern Territory while working on a project with another former Burpee Postdoc, Angela McDonnell, now an Assistant Professor at St. Cloud State University. The pair included DNA extracted from two herbarium specimens representing Solanum ossicruentum, a species known as the Blood Bone Tomato that the Martine Lab described in the same journal in 2016, in an ongoing analysis meant to build a new bush tomato evolutionary tree.
“We couldn’t understand why the two collections of the same species kept showing up in different parts of the tree,” says Martine. “I had collected one of them and was certain that it represented Solanum ossicruentum, so I reached out to the person who collected the other one, David Albrecht, and asked whether he thought the plants he saw in 1996 at a place called Jellabra Rockhole could be something else.”
Albrecht, Senior Botanist at the Northern Territory Herbarium at Alice Springs, suggested that the best way to know would be for botanists to revisit that remote region of the northwestern Tanami Desert and see for themselves. Martine, who had participated in seven collecting expeditions to northern Australia since 2004, wasn’t disappointed.
“I was kind of hoping he’d tell me that,” Martine says. “Because I was already planning some new fieldwork in the Northern Territory and this would give me a great season to visit an area I had never been to before. But to really be prepared for a trip like that, I first needed to understand what other botanists had recorded and collected there in the past – and there is only one surefire way to do that: check what is in the herbarium collections.”
So Martine started by using the Australasian Virtual Herbarium (AVH), a database of every plant specimen held in every herbarium in Australia. He searched for collections made of Solanum ossicruentum and a similar species called Solanum dioicum in the northern Tanami, finding 15 records for specimens gathered as far back as 1971.
Map showing distribution of Solanum nectarifolium sp. nov. and S. ossicruentum based on accessions held at the Northern Territory Herbarium, Palmerston (DNA), the Western Australian Herbarium (PERTH), and the National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW). Credit: Martine et al., 2025
“It was a really interesting distribution of points on the map, too,” Martine says. “These were far south of the other records for Solanum ossicruentum, with hundreds of miles of ‘empty’ country between the two clusters. I couldn’t wait to get to Australia to see what those Tanami plants looked like.”
In May 2025 Martine headed to Australia to meet his team for the trip: Cantley and paper coauthors Kym Brennan, Aiden Webb, and Geoff Newton, all associated with the Northern Territory Herbarium at Palmerston. But, first, Martine made a stop in another plant collection in the southwestern city of Perth.
“The visit to the Western Australian Herbarium was my first chance to spend a bunch of time with some of the actual specimens that I had earmarked based on the data in AVH,” Martine explains. “And what I saw there legit blew my mind.”
Every specimen looked similar to Solanum ossicruentum, except for a few subtle characteristics – and one thing that Martine had never seen in more than two decades of Outback botanizing.
The veins on the leaf of Solanum nectarifolium, showing the extrafloral nectaries (EFNs). Phtoo credit: Kym Brennan.
“On the backs of the leaves, along the veins, were these visible round disks,” Martine notes. “They were each around a half-millimeter wide, really obvious, and the only bush tomato specimens that had them – we’re talking hundreds and hundreds of collections – were the ones from the northern Tanami.”
Martine thought they could be extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), non-flower organs on a plant that exude sweet liquid, typically as a means to attract ants that might protect the plants from herbivores. These were known to exist in a few Australian bush tomatoes, but those are tiny and have only been confirmed with microscopes. EFNs that could be seen without magnification would be something truly novel.
A few days later, Martine was in the herbarium at Palmerston and found the same pattern: more visible disks and only on plants from that same geographic area. Then he noticed that the most recent collection, from 2021, had been made by Kym Brennan – a renowned field biologist with an expertise in photography who was preparing for their trip in the next room.
“I ran in there and asked whether he remembered anything unusual about that collection – and before I could finish my explanation for why, he was already showing me an incredible photo of the leaves of that same plant. They were positively oozing with shiny, round droplets of nectar. And all from those disks on the veins.”
The oozing extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) on the underside of the Solanum nectarifolium leaf. Photo credit: Kym Brennan
Eight days and more than 1000 kilometers of driving later the team arrived near Brennan’s collection site 50 kilometers southwest of the community of Lajamanu, right along the edge of the unpaved Lajamanu Road.
“This was more-or-less the same place where others had collected it in the early 1970s, so we were cautiously optimistic that we’d not only find it there again, but that the plants would have the flowers and fruits on them that we needed to describe this as a new species,” explains Martine. “But it’s a harsh environment and the abundance of bush tomatoes is often dependent on fire occurrence. Sometimes you get to a place and there is nothing but old gray stems. Other times there are more happy plants than you can count. In this case, it was the latter situation!”
Habitat of Solanum nectarifolium at the type locality. Photo credit: Aiden Webb.
The team got to work taking notes, making measurements, and shooting photographs. And then Cantley called for Martine to come over to the plant he was examining. There were ants all over the leaf undersides, avidly moving from disk to disk and probing them for nectar. Hypothesis confirmed.
The collaborators decided on the scientific name “nectarifolium” – which translates to “nectar leaf,” for obvious reasons – and the English-language name Tanami Bush Tomato. Martine then contacted a few experts about the conspicuous nature of the EFNs and whether that has been seen anywhere else in the genus Solanum, a group of around 1200 species that includes the tomato, potato, and eggplant.
“As far as we know, this is the first Solanum species to be described as having extrafloral nectaries that you can see with your naked eye. That’s a pretty cool finding – and it all started with the examination of specimens that have been waiting in herbaria for as long as a half-century for someone to come along and take a closer look.”
Bucknell’s own Wayne E. Manning Herbarium, which holds approximately 25,000 plant specimens, now includes new samples of the Tanami Bush Tomato. But the official holotype remains at the Northern Territory Herbarium in Palmerston — almost 10,000 miles away from Bucknell’s campus.
Habit and morphology of Solanum nectarifolium. Photo credit: Kym Brennan and Chris Martine.
“The Manning Herbarium may be small, but every specimen is a snapshot of biodiversity,” Martine says. “These collections allow us to study where species occur, how they’ve changed over time, and — in cases like this — even help discover new ones.”
The publication of the new species comes amid broader concern over the fate of natural history collections, such as Duke University’s recently announced closure of its herbarium housing more than 800,000 specimens. Martine and his colleagues agree that such closures could hinder future discoveries and conservation efforts.
Martine, a leading expert on Australian bush tomatoes, was recently elected president-elect of the Botanical Society of America. He will begin his term as president following the organization’s annual meeting in August 2026.
“It still doesn’t feel real and probably won’t until I start my term just after Botany 2026,” Martine says. “But I promise to do my best because plants are awesome and so are botanists.”
Original study:
Martine, C.T., Brennan, K., Cantley, J.T., Webb, A.T. and Newton, G. (2025). A new dioecious bush tomato, Solanum nectarifolium (Solanaceae), from the northern Tanami Desert, Northern Territory, Australia, with reassessment of S. ossicruentum and a change in the circumscription of S. dioicum. PhytoKeys, 268, pp.183–199. doi: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.268.169893
Recent study published in Frontiers of Biogeography shows how local microclimates can amplify and mitigate extreme temperatures associated with climate change
During my PhD, I spent three summers crawling through a beautiful calcareous grassland nature reserve in Bedfordshire, UK, looking for caterpillars amongst the grasses and wildflowers. Occasionally we would have extremely hot weather, and as I was crawling around in the chalky earth, I noticed how hot it was near the ground. I was carrying a thermocouple with me, and I noticed that from standing to crouching down to the ground, air temperature could increase by up to 10 or even 20°C.
This got me thinking – insects experience temperatures that are very different from what I was experiencing while walking around. A pleasantly warm day to me may feel very different to a small insect close to the ground. What is this micro-world like for insects?
Photo of Duke of Burgundy butterfly by Prof. Edgar C. Turner
I deployed a network of data loggers across the nature reserve to help me answer this question. I wanted to know what near ground temperatures were really like on hot days, cold days, and everything in between.
So, the loggers recorded microclimate temperatures for a year and half in total, and we managed to capture six heatwave events in that time. We were even lucky enough (or perhaps unlucky enough) to be recording when air temperatures broke 40°C in the UK for the very first time, the dreaded summer of 2022. This gave us a rare opportunity to see what the world might look like more regularly under climate change.
Now armed with real-world hourly temperature measurements at fine scales, we could glimpse the world that insects occupy. Temperatures were indeed hotter near the ground and rose steadily with increasing temperature these temperatures rose and rose with increasing air temperature. In fact, we found thousands of individual records of temperatures over 40°C, half of which occurred outside of heatwave events.
It turns out that insects are experiencing extreme temperatures more frequently than we previously anticipated, and not necessarily only during heatwaves.
One of the main goals of our project was to identify how we can maintain cool refugia within landscapes – microclimates that are cooler than ambient temperature (think of a cool, shady patch of grass under a tree on a hot sunny day).
Photo of Duke of Burgundy butterfly by Edgar C. Turner
I had hoped to be able to identify combinations of environmental characteristics, such as steep north-facing slopes with long grass, that were able to maintain refugia well below ambient temperature during heatwaves.
However, what we found was that during heatwaves, areas that we expected to stay cool would turn into heat traps. Surprisingly, what we thought would mitigate extreme temperatures would actually amplify them!
This was a trend across all types of habitats, with no part of the nature reserve consistently maintaining cool refugia during heatwaves. This is incredibly worrying! It means that escape from the heat during heatwaves for small and slow-moving animals will be extremely difficult.
Vulnerability to climate change may depend on where species live in the vertical plane. Species that can fly (such as the large skipper, top left) or live high up in tall vegetation (such as the red admiral caterpillar on stinging nettle, top right) may be buffered from extreme heat. However, species that live near the ground or in short vegetation (such as the glowworm, bottom left, or leaf beetle, bottom right) may be particularly exposed to amplified temperatures.
The nature reserve we were monitoring is a fragment of rare calcareous grassland nestled amongst agricultural land and urban areas. It has been actively managed to maintain high biodiversity, and this has been very successful. It contains many rare and interesting small animals, such as the Duke of Burgundy butterfly and glowworms. Certainly, it is a beautiful example of a biodiversity hotspot in the UK.
However, our results imply that exposed landscapes such as these grasslands are at particular risk under climate change, with little we can do to protect wildlife from extreme heat during heatwaves, especially for small ground-dwelling organisms.
Research paper:
Ashe-Jepson, E., Turner, E.C. and Bladon, A.J. (2025). Local microclimates can both amplify and mitigate extreme temperatures associated with climate change. Frontiers of Biogeography 18: https://doi.org/10.21425/fob.18.164843
