Pensoft blog - Part 4

A New Checklist For The Birds Of Calabria: 363 Species At Mediterranean Crossroads

Calabria’s updated bird checklist now lists 363 species, 43 more than in 1993, including Italy’s first documented breeding White-rumped Swift and continued Egyptian Vulture nesting.

Guest blog post by Stazione Ornitologica Calabrese (StOrCal)

Calabria, the toe of the Italian peninsula, lies between the Tyrrhenian and Ionian seas, a short crossing from Sicily and the North African coast. That position has long made it a place where birds from very different regions turn up. Yet its avifauna had not been reviewed in full for more than thirty years.

Our study in Biodiversity Data Journal brings that picture up to date. Drawing on published papers, technical reports, ringing bulletins, museum specimens and validated citizen-science records up to 31 December 2025, we compiled an updated checklist of 363 species and nine subspecies.

That is 43 species more than the previous regional list of 320 (Scebba et al. 1993). None of the older records was dropped, so the additions represent a real gain in regional knowledge.

One addition stands out. At an inland site in the province of Crotone, White-rumped Swift (Apus caffer) was found nesting, the first documented breeding of the species in Italy and in the central Mediterranean Basin (Pucci et al. 2022). An African swift breeding this far north suggests Calabria may be a bridgehead for Afro-Iberian species reaching Europe.

Bird ringing at Punta Alice, where several of the region’s rare vagrants were first detected. Photo credit: Mario Pucci

Most of the other new entries tell a quieter story. Thirty-five of the 43 additions are accidental or vagrant birds, and they point to decades of more systematic fieldwork rather than to genuine range change. Targeted ringing at coastal stations such as Punta Alice (Crotone) and San Michele di Cetraro (Cosenza) has turned up Siberian warblers and flycatchers, among them Pallas’s Leaf Warbler, Dusky Warbler and Red-flanked Bluetail, that would otherwise pass unnoticed. In all, the vagrants recorded in Calabria come from Asia, Africa, northern Europe and even North America, a spread that makes the region a meeting point of separate migration systems.

The checklist also shows what is at stake for conservation. Of the 363 species, 125 are listed in Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, and national Red List categories are available for 230, including nine Critically Endangered.

Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus — Egyptian Vulture, one of the Critically Endangered raptors still breeding in Calabria. Photo credit: Pierpaolo Storino

Most of the Critically Endangered birds depend on wetlands, tied to a small and fragmented network of coastal marshes. Among the region’s emblematic raptors is the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus), still breeding in Calabria but represented in Italy by a small population with worrying fluctuations in the number of breeding birds, a reminder of how precarious the country’s cliff-nesting and scavenging raptors remain.

The full dataset is openly available on Zenodo, and the work is coordinated by the Stazione Ornitologica Calabrese (StOrCal), which brings the region’s observers together under shared standards. Much is still missing: the inland massifs of Pollino, Sila and Aspromonte remain under-surveyed, and breeding densities are poorly known for most species. The checklist gives that work a verifiable point to build on.

Original source:

Urso S, Martino G, Muscianese E, Policastrese M, Pucci M, Vena M, Storino P (2026) Updated checklist of the birds of Calabria (southern Italy). Biodiversity Data Journal 14: e195967. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.14.e195967

Sunrise Over the Seabed: New Shrimpgoby Species Named for the “Sunrise of Java”

Researchers have described a beautiful new species of shrimpgoby from the coastal waters off Banyuwangi, East Java, and given it a name that pays tribute to both its fiery colouration and birthplace.

Researchers have described a beautiful new species of shrimpgoby from the coastal waters off Banyuwangi, East Java, and given it a name that pays tribute to both its fiery colouration and its birthplace.

Published in the open-access journal ZooKeys, a team led by Kunto Wibowo of the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, part of Indonesia’s National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), has formally described Tomiyamichthys oriens sp. nov., a small reef fish characterised by radiant orange blotches along its flanks and a pair of elegant filaments trailing from the first dorsal fin of males.

Holotype of *Tomiyamichthys oriens* sp. nov., male, 35.6 mm SL, off Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia. Image credit: Kunto Wibowo et al.

The two specimens on which the description is based, a male and a female each measuring roughly 35.5 mm in length, were first brought to the researchers’ attention by the ornamental fish exporter CV Cahaya Baru, having been collected from sandy shallows off Banyuwangi. Both are now housed at the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense in Bogor.

The name oriens is where this discovery really shines. It is a Latin participle meaning “east” or “the rising sun”, chosen for two reasons. Firstly, it evokes the fish’s own vivid orange markings, said to recall the hues of a sunrise. Secondly, it honours the species’ place of origin: Banyuwangi sits at the easternmost tip of Java and is popularly known throughout Indonesia as “The Sunrise of Java”. The authors have given the fish the English common name Oriens Shrimpgoby.

Tomiyamichthys oriens belongs to a genus of shrimp-associated gobies found across the tropical Indo-Pacific, from the Red Sea to Fiji. Its closest known relative is T. hyacinthinus, a species only recently described from southern Japan. The two share a rare combination of features within the genus: nine segmented rays in both the dorsal and anal fins, and, in males, two elongated filamentous spines on the first dorsal fin.

Paratype of *Tomiyamichthys* *oriens* sp. nov., female, 35.5 mm SL, off Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia. Image credit: Kunto Wibowo et al.

Despite this resemblance, the Indonesian fish can be told apart by a suite of subtle differences, including its number of pectoral fin rays, branched caudal fin rays, longitudinal scale rows and gill rakers, as well as finer details of its colour pattern. Genetic analysis of the mitochondrial COI gene reinforced the case for a distinct species, revealing a divergence of 3.1% between the Indonesian and Japanese fish.

The discovery adds to an already remarkable tally for Indonesia, which sits at the heart of the Coral Triangle and now hosts 13 recognised species of Tomiyamichthys, more than any other country. According to local fishermen consulted during the study, the new species favours sandy bottoms in shallow coastal water, though its relationship with the burrowing alpheid shrimps typically associated with the genus has yet to be directly observed in the wild.

The description brings the total number of valid Tomiyamichthys species worldwide to 21, underscoring how much remains to be learned about the small reef fishes that share Indonesia’s waters with its shrimp partners.

“It is always exciting to discover a species that is new to science. We hope this finding will inspire further exploration of Indonesia’s fish biodiversity, where many small and overlooked species are likely still awaiting discovery.”
Kunto Wibowo

Original source:

Wibowo K, Pratiwi HM, Dharmayanthi AB, Tjiptadi D, Tarmini W, Priyadi A, Kusumah RV (2026) Tomiyamichthys oriens, a new species of shrimpgoby (Teleostei, Gobiidae) from the coast of Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia. ZooKeys 1283: 67-77. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1283.194940

For more articles on zoology, visit the ZooKeys website and follow the journal on BlueSky and Facebook.

New Snail Species Bolster Case For Protecting Montenegro’s Biodiversity

Scientists and citizen volunteers discovered two new snail species in northwestern Montenegro, highlighting the region’s hidden biodiversity and bolstering calls to protect Komarnica Canyon within Durmitor’s World Heritage Site instead of building a hydropower plant.

The descriptions of the two new additions to the European snail fauna, named Cochlostoma komarnica and Cochlostoma dobrido, have been published today in the open-access Biodiversity Data Journal.

A Cochlostoma snail crawling in Montenegro – video by Roman Willi | Wildreach Productions.

The elegant snails, which do not yet have English names, have conical shells of around 7 mm long and live on limestone rocks, where they graze algae and lichens. Unlike most land snails, they do not carry their eyes on the end of eye-stalks, but on the sides of their head. And their shells come with a circular disk stuck to the animal’s tail that can close off the shell like a door.

Shells of Cochlostoma komarnica and Cochlostoma dobrido — *Cochlostoma komarnica* (a, b) and *Cochlostoma dobrido* (c, d) – Photos by Enrico Zallot.

The snails were discovered by the teams of Taxon Expeditions, which run real scientific expeditions that anyone can join. Between 2018 – 2025, expeditions in Montenegro were organised as a collaboration of Taxon Expeditions, the non-profit Taxon Foundation, and local partners from the Montenegrin Ecologists Society.

Citizen scientists and researchers from Taxon Expeditions searching for land snails on the Dobri Do Plateau, Durmitor, Montenegro, where Cochlostoma dobrido was discovered. – Photo by Pierre Escobas | Taxon Expeditions.
Participants of the taxon expedition studying snails in the makeshift field lab near the Komarnica Canyon. – Photo by Marjolein Koster.

Mixed teams of international researchers, citizen scientists, local students, and conservationists studied the biodiversity of Durmitor National Park and Komarnica Canyon. The new snails were found at several sites during fieldwork in the rugged mountainous terrain, but their novelty only became clear once they were dissected and genetically analysed in the field laboratory.

Cochlostoma snail crawling in Montenegro – photo by Roman Willi | Wildreach Productions
Cochlostoma dobrido – Photo by Sotiris Kountouras | Taxon Expeditions.

During a voting session at camp, the team decided to name the species after the localities in which they were discovered: “Cochlostoma dobrido,” after the Dobri Do Plateau, which lies between the peaks of Durmitor National Park, and “Cochlostoma komarnica,” after the stunning but unprotected Komarnica Canyon, south of Durmitor.

I was amazed that it is still possible to discover new animal species in Europe.
says musician Janine Buisman from The Netherlands, who joined one of the expeditions and co-authored the paper.

Another author, biologist Jovana Đokić of the Montenegrin Ecologists Society (MES), explains that the rich biodiversity in the canyons, mountains, and gorges of this part of the Balkans is still largely unexplored and undiscovered.

The endangered Komarnica Canyon, Montenegro – Photo by Sotiris Kountouras | Taxon Expeditions.

It is all the more worrying that the Komarnica Canyon is targeted to be flooded by a hydropower dam and reservoir. This will destroy this wild river canyon and all the biodiversity in it, including many species still unknown to science.
Jovana Đokić

Because of these threats, Komarnica Canyon has become a focus for structured biodiversity surveys, part of an effort to build a science-based case for its conservation.

That is why MES is calling for the canyon to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage site of Durmitor and for the hydropower project’s plans to be scrapped.

Hydropower is neither green nor sustainable energy when it destroys a unique ecosystem like this.
says Đokić

Original source:

Schilthuizen M, Boomsma R, Faes S, Jousma M, Buisman J, Lankenau D-H, Kountouras S, van den Broek M, Hemelaar EM, Noomen J, de Vries R, Lopatriello G, Limongi AR, Maestri S, Kamchev P, van Manen S, Khalik MZ, Delledonne M, Đokić J, Mićanović A, Popović J, Njunjić I, Zallot E (2026) Two new Cochlostoma species from the Durmitor and Komarnica regions of northern Montenegro (Caenogastropoda, Cochlostomatidae). Biodiversity Data Journal 14: e196955. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.14.e196955

The Pensoft Biodiversity Cup 2026 comes to a close

Now that the 2026 FIFA World Cup is over, it’s time for us to blow the final whistle on Pensoft’s Biodiversity Cup.

The floodlights have dimmed, the confetti has settled, and the 2026 FIFA World Cup has officially come to an end. A huge congratulations to Spain, who saw off Argentina 1-0 after extra time to lift their second World Cup trophy.

And with the football finished, it’s time for us to blow the final whistle on our own tournament too. Throughout the World Cup, we ran the Pensoft Biodiversity Cup alongside the real competition – a weekly knockout contest on our Instagram page, pitting some of the most remarkable species described in our journals against one another.

Every Thursday we opened the polls, and every Monday we brought you the result. Now that the dust has settled, we thought it was the perfect moment to look back at how the tournament unfolded.

Here’s how each fixture played out, with the winning species (as voted for by you!) shown in blue bold:

Date	Species #1	Species #2
11/06	Nadzikambia goodallae	Ferreiraella populi
18/06	Hellwigia opalina	Neohelicomyces coffeae
25/06	Thecacera sesama	Dolichopoda balrogi
02/07	Pikelinia floydmuraria	Trachischium lalremsangai
09/07	Theridion himalayana	Pyralis papaleonei
19/07	Iberoscia zaragozai	Echinodorus nenufar

General recap of Pensoft’s Biodiversity Cup.

Our first week’s competition kicked off with a cloud-forest chameleon named after Jane Goodall, which faced off against a public-named deep-sea chiton from the abyssal Pacific:

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Nadzikambia goodallae vs Ferreiraella populi.

The chameleon, Nadzikambia goodallae, came out on top in this opening clash, advancing past the deep-sea chiton Ferreiraella populi.

Round two, meanwhile, pitted a turquoise-flowered jade ginger from Sulawesi against a newly identified fungus found on dead coffee branches in Yunnan:

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Hellwigia opalina vs Neohelicomyces coffeae.

…and round two went to the fungi! Neohelicomyces coffeae ended up decisively defeating the jade ginger Hellwigia opalina in this Plant vs Fungi edition.

Round three brought Cave vs. Coast: a Balrog-named cave cricket unearthed on Kastellorizo faced a sesame-speckled nudibranch discovered off northeastern Taiwan:

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Thecacera sesama vs Dolichopoda balrogi.

Our third round went to the underdog (or in this case, undercricket): Dolichopoda balrogi, which hopped past Thecacera sesama in a unanimous win.

Round four was our Animal Kingdom edition, with the newly described Pink Floyd spider Pikelinia floydmuraria facing off against the burrowing snake Trachischium lalremsangai for the top spot:

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Pikelinia floydmuraria vs Trachischium lalremsangai.

The snake slithered through – Trachischium lalremsangai defeated Pikelinia floydmuraria, its burrowing lifestyle proving harder to top than a rock-star spider name in this round.

Our second-to-last round paired the smiley-faced Himalayan Happy-Face Spider, Theridion himalayana, against Pyralis papaleonei, a papal-named moth endemic to Crete’s White Mountains:

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Theridion himalayana vs Pyralis papaleonei.

The moth flew past the competition! Pyralis papaleonei took the win over Theridion himalayana, its rare papal namesake and striking wing bands proving enough to edge out even a face full of smiles.

Our own final on 19 July ended up mirroring the World Cup final to a tee, with a species from Spain going head-to-head with one from Argentina:

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Iberoscia zaragozai vs Echinodorus nenufar.

Representing Spain in the final was Iberoscia zaragozai, a newly described genus and species of cave-dwelling isopod, published only this April in our open-access journal Subterranean Biology.

Discovered in caves across Catalonia, Murcia and the Valencian Community, this blind crustacean measures barely 3-4 mm long, yet required a new genus to accommodate it, thanks to its unique features – right down to its antennal sensory structures.

Fittingly, it’s named in posthumous tribute to the Spanish arachnologist Juan Antonio Zaragoza-Miralles, in recognition of his decades of work on the cave-dwelling fauna of the Iberian Peninsula.

Standing in Argentina’s corner was Echinodorus nenufar, a new aquatic plant described in PhytoKeys back in January. Found in the temporary ponds and seasonal wetlands of the dry Chaco region of northern Argentina and western Paraguay, it earns its name – “nenúfar” being Spanish for water lily – thanks to its rounded floating leaves and creamy-white flowers, which give it an uncanny resemblance to a true Nymphaeaceae water lily.

Like the seasonal killifish it shares its ephemeral ponds with, it has evolved to complete its whole life cycle in habitats that can appear and vanish with the rains.

Two species, two countries, both barely a few months old to science. This is a proper final if ever there was one. And… just like their footballing counterparts, it was the Spanish contender that came out on top!

We had an absolute blast running the Biodiversity Cup alongside this year’s World Cup, and we hope it gave you a fun new way to discover some of the incredible species being described in our journals. Thank you to everyone who voted, shared and cheered along from the side lines.

Keep up with our latest news and campaigns by following us on Facebook, Bluesky, X, Instagram, LinkedIn and TikTok.

Pensoft awarded the FAO AGRIS Seal of Recognition for 2027

The seal recognises institutions that consistently share open-access agricultural research with the global community.

Pensoft has been awarded the Seal of Recognition for the FAO AGRIS Active Data Provider of the Year for 2027. The seal is granted by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations through its AGRIS initiative, and it recognises institutions that consistently share open-access agricultural research with the global community.

Notably, Pensoft joined the FAO AGRIS network back in 2024, and the organisation has renewed our seal every year since, a recognition we’re proud to have kept.

What has changed is the scale of our contribution. In 2024, Pensoft’s records on AGRIS numbered just under 15,000. Today, that figure has doubled to nearly 30,000, drawn from all 51 of our journals that fall within the scope of FAO AGRIS. The subjects covered are wide-ranging, spanning taxonomy, biodiversity, conservation and biogeography – these are all areas that feed directly into sustainable agriculture and natural resource management.

Through AGRIS, this research travels well beyond our own journals to researchers, policymakers and practitioners worldwide, adding to the shared pool of open knowledge that supports global food security and environmental sustainability. We’re glad to keep contributing to that effort, and look forward to continuing our work with FAO AGRIS in the years to come.

About FAO

The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) is a specialised agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Its goal is to achieve food security for all, ensuring that people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives. With 194 members, 193 countries and the European Union, FAO works in over 130 countries worldwide.

About Pensoft

Founded in 1992 “by scientists, for scientists,” Pensoft is an academic open-access publishing company well known worldwide for its cutting-edge publishing tools, workflows and methods for text and data publishing of journals, books and conference materials. In 2010, Pensoft became the first scientific publisher to introduce semantic enrichments in scholarly publications. Through its Research and Technical Development department, the company is involved in a range of research and technology projects.

Pensoft at the European Congress of Conservation Biology 2026 in Leiden

Highlights from Pensoft’s booth from the 8th European Congress of Conservation Biology (ECCB 2026) in Leiden.

Between 6-10 July, more than 850 participants from 25 countries gathered in Leiden, the Netherlands, for the 8th European Congress of Conservation Biology (ECCB) 2026.

Table of Contents

Effective Biodiversity Conservation
Pensoft’s booth
Our journal portfolio on display
Familiar faces at the stand
Looking ahead

The congress was organised by the Society for Conservation Biology (SCB) and hosted at Leiden University (FWN/CML), in partnership with Hortus botanicus, Wageningen University & Research (WUR), and NIOO-KNAW, with support from the Leiden Biodiversity Network.

Opening ceremony of ECCB 2026
Head of PR and Journal Development representing Pensoft at ECCB 2026.
Exhibitor and poster hall at ECCB 2026.

Effective Biodiversity Conservation

Under the theme “Effective Biodiversity Conservation,” the congress brought together researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to explore how biodiversity can be safeguarded over the long term. Its core message was that effective conservation cannot rest on the efforts of conservationists alone. It requires coordinated, multidisciplinary, science-based action across society.

Opening ceremony of ECCB 2026.
Prof. Dr. Geert de Snoo and his “1% of GDP for safeguarding nature!” presentation

Dr. Laura Bosco, President of SCB Europe, opened the congress and set the scene for the week ahead. Prof. Dr. Geert de Snoo, one of the congress’s co-organisers, followed with the presentation: “1% of GDP for safeguarding nature!” – a call to set aside 1% of global GDP to help close the biodiversity funding gap, given that half of the world’s GDP depends on natural ecosystem services, and to protect 30% of the Earth’s land and oceans by 2030.

From there, the programme ran packed with symposia, roundtables, and workshops covering policymaking and effectiveness, conservation planning, new methods for measuring and quantifying biodiversity, eDNA for conservation, citizen science, and remote sensing, alongside a poster session held each day.

Pensoft’s booth

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Pensoft at he 8th European Congress of Conservation Biology (ECCB) 2026.

Our stand stood out with professionally designed booth walls and enjoyed a strong flow of visitors throughout the congress. Delegates met Pensoft’s Head of Journal Development and PR, Iva Boyadzhieva, who answered questions about publishing opportunities and scholarly resources, including Advanced Books, Pensoft’s platform for publishing open-access monographs, edited volumes, and other book-length scholarly works.

She also shared updates from the Horizon Europe-funded projects Biodiversity Meets Data and SpongeBoost.

Pensoft’s Fortune Wheel at ECCB 2026.
People spinning Pensoft’s Fortune Wheel to win prizes.
People signing up to Pensoft’s newsletter and spinning the wheel.

For the first time, our booth also ran an interactive game, where visitors could spin a wheel to win some prizes. The game rules were simple: visitors filled out a subscription form for one or more journals, spun a wheel featuring the names of journals relevant to the congress, and won a sticker matching the journal they landed on.

Visitor at Pensoft’s booth at the 8th European Congress of Conservation Biology, interacting with the wheel.

Curiously, the illustrations on the vivid stickers are not coincidental: each features a scientific illustration by Denitsa Peneva of a species discussed in a publication from across Pensoft’s scholarly portfolio – a nod to the authors who chose one of our journals to share their research.

Our journal portfolio on display

Visitors had the chance to explore Pensoft’s diverse open-access portfolio, from conservation-focused titles like Nature Conservation and Neotropical Biology and Conservation, to ecosystem-focused journals such as One Ecosystem, Frontiers of Biogeography, and NeoBiota.

Several journal materials at Pensoft’s booth at ECCB 2026.
Several journal materials at Pensoft’s booth at ECCB 2026.

The stand also showcased more specialised outlets, including Biodiversity Data Journal and Metabarcoding and Metagenomics, alongside our fungi-focused IMA Fungus and MycoKeys, and our vegetation titles Vegetation Classification and Survey and Vegetation Ecology and Diversity. Attendees also had the chance to learn more about our newly launched diamond open-access Journal of Regeneration.

Close up of Individual-Based Ecology and Agricultural and Environmental Modelling journals. — Individual-Based Ecology and Agricultural and Environmental Modelling on focus at ECCB 2026.

A particular highlight was our trio of diamond open-access journals, free to publish in and free to read, that drew considerable interest from attendees:

Individual-Based Ecology promotes a distinctive individual-based perspective on ecology, aiming to bridge individual behaviour and broader ecological patterns.
Advances in Pollinator Research covers the full spectrum of pollinator science, from pollination ecology to conservation, designed as an innovative platform for the full spectrum of pollinator science, from pollination ecology and pollinator-plant interactions to molecular ecology, conservation and more.
Agricultural and Environmental Modelling, meanwhile, offers an innovative approach to publishing, dedicated to advancing both the science and practice of modelling across Agriculture, Food Systems, Natural Resources, and Environmental Sciences.

Familiar faces at the stand

Deputy Editor-in-Chief of Nature Conservation, Dr. Annegret Grimm-Seyfarth, at Pensoft’s booth at ECCB 2026.
Prof. Davy McCracken, Subject Editor at Nature Conservation.
Dr. Niels Raes, project coordinator of Biodiversity Meets Data at ECCB 2026.
Martina Viti and Annika Zuleger, authors that have published across Pensoft’s journal at ECCB 2026.

Our booth was visited by Nature Conservation’s Deputy Editor-in-Chief Annegret Grimm-Seyfarth. Earlier that week, she also co-organised a symposium, “How can Wildlife Detection Dogs contribute to effective biodiversity conservation in Europe?” As well as one of Nature Conservation’s Subject Editor, Prof. Davy McCracken and Dr. Niels Raes, the project coordinator of Biodiversity Meets Data.

We also met one of our authors, Andra Neagu, in person. We recently ran a PR campaign on her and her team’s research analysing more than 1,100 media reports from 2007 to 2024 to uncover patterns in wildlife poaching across Romania, which you can read here.

Andra Neagu, an author at Nature Conservation at Pensoft’s booth at ECCB 2026.
Andra Neagu next to her scientific poster at ECCB 2026.

Looking ahead

Closing ceremony of ECCB 2026.
Closing ceremony of ECCB 2026.

It was a pleasure to be part of ECCB 2026 and to connect with so many researchers, policymakers, and practitioners working toward effective biodiversity conservation.

Save the date: SCB’s 33rd International Congress for Conservation Biology (ICCB 2027) will be held in Puebla, Mexico, at the end of June or beginning of July 2027.

Follow us on Bluesky, Facebook, X, and LinkedIn for more future updates.

Pensoft Welcomes Immunology in Medicine to Its Open-Access Journal Portfolio

Pensoft welcomes Immunology in Medicine, the official journal of the Bulgarian Association of Clinical Immunology (BACI).

Immunology in Medicine, the official journal of the Bulgarian Association of Clinical Immunology (BACI), has joined Pensoft’s open-access publishing platform ARPHA. The journal was first launched in 2007 as BACI’s annual publication, and from 2020 until early 2026 it was published as the Bulgarian Journal of Clinical Immunology. With its recent move to ARPHA, the journal is now titled Immunology in Medicine and has a refreshed look and streamlined publishing workflow.

The journal’s core mission is to bridge basic immunological science with its clinical applications, fostering interdisciplinary dialogue on immune-mediated mechanisms in human health and disease. It welcomes research that translates immunological knowledge into diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies, with a particular focus on innovative diagnostics, biomarkers, and immunotherapies.

Homepage of Immunology in Medicine — The new homepage of the journal.

Its scope spans the full breadth of immunology, including research on fundamental immunology such as cellular and molecular mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity. As well as clinical immunology pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of immune-mediated diseases, autoimmunity and autoinflammatory disorders and more, transplantation immunology, tumor immunology and immunotherapy and many more.

Thanks to the generous support of BACI, publishing in the journal remains entirely free for authors.

As an ARPHA-hosted journal, Immunology in Medicine benefits from the platform’s fast-track, end-to-end publishing system, which carries every manuscript through review, editing, publication, dissemination, and archiving within a single collaborative online environment. Articles are freely available in PDF, indexed in CrossRef, and archived in CLOCKSS and Zenodo for long-term preservation.

Since its move to ARPHA, the journal has already published two studies. The first, by Vasilev et al. (2026), presents a case of an 18-year-old male whose mononucleosis triggered an atypical immune response mimicking a T-cell malignancy, until a novel flow cytometry technique, TCRβC1/C2 typing, confirmed it was a harmless, reactive expansion of immune cells rather than cancer, helping clinicians reach an accurate diagnosis faster.

The second, by Garev et al. (2026), analyzed 52 patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and found that a simple, routine blood marker, baseline eosinophil counts, could help predict which patients face the highest risk of severe side effects from immunotherapy, offering a low-cost tool for early risk stratification.

Further to this, the journal invites researchers and clinicians from Bulgaria and around the world to submit their work and to take part in its editorial and peer-review processes.

Our vision for Immunology in Medicine is to establish the journal as a trusted international platform for high-quality translational and clinical immunology research. By joining the Pensoft publishing family, we hope to increase the visibility, accessibility, and scientific impact of the work published in the journal, while fostering collaboration across disciplines and countries. I believe this transition will help build a vibrant community of researchers and clinicians dedicated to advancing immunology and translating scientific discoveries into better patient care.
Dr. Emiliana Konova, Editor-in-Chief of Immunology in Medicine.

We are very pleased to welcome another journal in the field of medical sciences to our growing portfolio of open-access journals, and we look forward to supporting the journal’s important research through our modern publishing platform.
commented Prof. Lyubomir Penev, CEO of Pensoft and ARPHA.

About the Bulgarian Association of Clinical Immunology (BACI)
Founded in 2005, BACI is Bulgaria’s primary professional and scientific organization for immunologists. It unites specialists, promotes research, hosts national congresses, and publishes Immunology in Medicine (formerly the Bulgarian Journal of Clinical Immunology).

About ARPHA
ARPHA is a full-featured, end-to-end publishing platform for journals, books, conference materials, and preprints, offering flexible business models and a wide range of automated and human-provided services designed to boost the visibility and impact of academic output.

About Pensoft Publishers
Founded in 1992 “by scientists, for scientists,” Pensoft is known worldwide for its cutting-edge publishing tools and workflows for text and data publishing. In 2010, it became the first scientific publisher to introduce semantic enrichments into scholarly publications, and its Research and Technical Development department continues to drive innovation through numerous research and technology projects.

Two Rare Orchids, One Vanishing Forest: Ecuador’s Newest Dracula Species

The genus Dracula is one of the more theatrical corners of the orchid world, containing more than 130 species.

A new species of vampire orchid, described in the open-access journal PhytoKeys, was recently discovered in the cloud forests of southwestern Ecuador, and with it comes the long-awaited confirmation of where a second, mysterious species actually lives in the wild.

The genus Dracula is one of the more theatrical corners of the orchid world. It contains more than 130 species, most found in the northern Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, and is known for its dramatic and often dark-coloured flowers with long tails. These blooms are pollinated by small flies rather than by bees or butterflies, that mistake the flower’s lip for a mushroom!

The newly described species, Dracula aguilarii, was found in El Oro Province, in a region of premontane and cloud forest that sits between 900 and 1,200 metres above sea level. Its cream-coloured flowers are suffused with brown-red tones and covered in short, dense hairs. It closely resembles a related species, D. hirtzii, but can be told apart by its blunt-tipped leaves, a deep and broadly rounded cup formed by the fused sepals, and notably shorter tails on those sepals.

*Dracula* *aguilarii* Baquero, M.M. Jiménez & Iturralde in vivo. A. Flower in ¾ view, showing the deep center, the convex sepals toward the apex, the short pubescence, and the proportionally small lip in relation to the sepals; B. Close-up of the petals and lip, frontal view; C. Close-up of the column, petals, and lip, lateral view; D. Side view of the flower, the deep and large mentum is visible as well as the convex towards the apex and pubescent sepals. Photographs by Luis E. Baquero.

The species owes its name to Mario Aguilar, a farmer and orchid enthusiast from El Oro with a remarkable knack for spotting rare orchids in the field. It was Aguilar who first came across a small population of around fifteen plants in a patch of remnant forest near the town of Balsas, more than a decade ago. Researchers later confirmed, through further fieldwork and herbarium comparisons, that his discovery represented a species new to science, and named it in his honour.

Only three populations of Dracula aguilarii are currently known, all within a fairly small area, which has led researchers to recommend the species be classified as Endangered. The forests it depends on are being steadily cleared for cattle pasture, and like many showy orchids, it also faces pressure from illegal collection for the horticultural trade.

Colour variation in *Dracula* *aguilarii* Baquero, M.M. Jiménez & Iturralde. A. Photo by Mario Aguilar from near Piñas; B. Photo by Marco M. Jiménez from a plant in situ at the southernmost known population near Balsas; C. Photo by Luis E Baquero from Holotype, *LB 3142*, QCNE (near Balsas); D. Photo by Marco M. Jiménez from a cultivated plant collected near Balsas.

This same study resolves a smaller mystery that has lingered for well over a decade. Dracula soennemarkii was first described in 2012 from a plant bought at a nursery and grown in Sweden, with no idea of where it had originally come from in the wild. The researchers have now traced a wild population of this species to the same general region of El Oro, giving it a confirmed home for the first time. Given that it is known from just a single location, D. soennemarkii has been assessed as Critically Endangered, an even more precarious position than its newly described neighbour.

Known species and natural hybrids of *Dracula* from El Oro province, southwestern Ecuador. A. D. *aguilarii* Baquero, M.M. Jiménez & Iturralde; B. D. *woolwardiae* (F. Lehmann ex Kraenzlin) Luer; C. D. *cordobae* Luer; D. D. *mopsus* (F. Lehmann & Kraenzlin) Luer; E. D. × *pinasensis* Zambrano & Solano; F. D. *soennemarkii* Luer & Dalström. A. From holotype, *LB 3142* QCNE, and **B–F**. From near Piñas. Photographs by Luis E. Baquero (**A–E**), and Mario Aguilar (F).

*Dracula* *aguilarii* Baquero, M.M. Jimenez & Iturralde. **A, B**. Flower and plant in situ near El Caucho; **C, D**. Photographs of other plants in cultivation. Photographs by José Bustamante.

Together, these findings demonstrate just how much remains to be discovered, and how quickly it could be lost, in Ecuador’s shrinking cloud forests. El Oro Province alone now hosts six recognised species of Dracula, yet only a fraction of its once-extensive humid forest cover remains intact. Each new species description is as much a conservation appeal as it is a taxonomic milestone.

Distribution of the known populations of *Dracula* *aguilarii* Baquero, M.M. Jiménez & Iturralde and morphologically similar species, and confirmed locality of D. *soennemarkii* Luer & Dalström, in the northern Andes. Base map layer was obtained from Google Satellite imagery (Google LLC; https://www.google.com/earth/).

Original study:

Baquero R. LE, Jiménez MM, Iturralde GA (2026) Dracula aguilarii (Orchidaceae, Pleurothallidinae), a new species from southwestern Ecuador and the first confirmed location for Dracula soennemarkii. PhytoKeys 273: 281-297. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.273.182821

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New Hyperparasitoid Wasp Named After Ernest Hemingway Amid Efforts to Control Destructive Sugar Beet Pest

An international team of researchers has discovered a new hyperparasitoid wasp species, Chlorocytus papahemii, named in honor of Ernest Hemingway, and we’re sharing it today to mark his birthday.

“The Earth is a fine place and worth fighting for.” – Ernest Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940

Earth remains full of undiscovered species and unexplored interactions that continue to fascinate us, including, in the most ordinary of places, the fields where our food is grown.

The weevil beetle Lixus subtilis is a highly destructive insect that frequently damages agricultural crops, particularly sugar beets, across Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, and China, Until now, scientific understanding of this beetle’s natural parasitic complexes, specifically the complete food chains involving parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (parasites of parasites) has been very limited.

However, developing biological methods of controlling plant pests should be based on an understanding of real, comprehensive regulatory systems within complete food chains.
the researchers emphasise in the article.

To investigate these relationships, researchers from Xinjiang University in China, the French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), and the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences joined forces on a collaborative study, now published in the open-access, peer-reviewed ZooKeys journal.

The team conducted field research in the sugar beet fields of Yining City and Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County in China’s Xinjiang region, an area that has experienced repeated outbreaks of the weevil pest. By carefully collecting damaged sugar beet leaf petioles and rearing the infected larvae in laboratory climate chambers, the scientists made two significant discoveries about the local wasp populations.

First, they recorded Eurytoma curculionum, a wasp that is already known to parasitise weevil larvae, in China for the very first time. Second, and more strikingly, they discovered an entirely new species of pteromalid wasp.

The Enemy Of My Enemy Is My Friend

The research team officially named the newly discovered wasp Chlorocytus papahemii, in honor of Ernest Hemingway, one of the most prominent literary figures of the 20th century.

the Hemingway hyperpasitoid wasp Chlorocytus papahemii — *Chlorocytus* *papahemii* Tselikh & Li, sp. nov., female, holotype. 24. Same, Body, lateral view; 25. Same, Head, frontal view; 26. Same, Fore wing; 27. Same, Head and pronotum, dorsal view; 28. Same, Antenna; 29. Same, Metasoma, dorsal view; 30. Same, Mesosoma, dorsal view; 31. Same, Body, dorsal view. Credit to Li et al., 2026.

Beyond its striking iridescent coloring, what makes Chlorocytus papahemii especially interesting is its behaviour: rather than attacking the crop-destroying weevil directly, it is a hyperparasitoid, meaning that it is parasitising Eurytoma curculionum, the very wasp that preys on the weevil.

This highly specialised behavior places hyperparasitoids at a complex fourth trophic level within ecosystems, one that can complicate biological control efforts, since hyperparasitoids often kill the beneficial primary parasitoids.

By meticulously documenting the morphology and biology of both wasp species, the study sheds new light on the hidden ecological dynamics at work in agricultural fields, particularly within economically important sugar beet crops. This work paves the way for more advanced, biologically informed strategies to manage weevil outbreaks and protect vital crop yields.

Original source:

Li Q, Liu Z, Li X, Yin H, Delvare G, Tselikh EV (2026) The hymenopteran parasitoid complex (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae and Pteromalidae) of the weevil beetle Lixus subtilis Boheman, 1836 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in China. ZooKeys 1279: 345-356. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1279.188643

Green Guardians: How Moss is Helping Monitor Chicago’s Air Pollution

Researchers used simple moss bags and portable X-ray technology to track urban heavy metal pollution, offering a cheap, effective tool for environmental monitoring.

Air pollution is an invisible threat in our urban environments, heavily impacting cardiovascular and respiratory systems and standing as the single largest environmental cause of disease and premature death globally.

Often, monitoring the heavy metals and particulate matter that fill city air involves expensive equipment, heavy use of chemical reagents, and time-consuming laboratory preparation. However, researchers in Chicago have been exploring a much cheaper, greener alternative that might already be growing nearby: moss. The full research is available in the open-access, peer-reviewed journal BioRisk.

Because mosses lack true root systems, they absorb the vital nutrients they need to survive, along with any environmental contaminants, directly from the atmosphere, making them exceptionally effective living records of long-term air pollution.

To test the viability of this biological monitoring, the team systematically deployed small, one-gram mesh bags of carefully cleaned Sphagnum moss across various locations in the Chicago area.

The scientists strategically hung these “green guardians” in diverse environments, including an industrial metals recycling facility, a marshland corridor, a commuter railroad station, and a semi-natural reference area in Lake County.

Moss biobags — A. Biobags attached to branches in a semi-natural reference area; B. Biobags taped to the exhaust of a Ford F-350 diesel truck. Credit to Campbell et al., 2026

In a direct test of vehicle emissions, they even taped several moss bags straight to the exhaust pipe of a diesel truck. After leaving the moss bags exposed to the urban elements for roughly three to four weeks, the team brought them back to the lab, crushed them into a homogeneous powder using liquid nitrogen, and analyzed them using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) technology

The living monitors proved incredibly adept at capturing location-specific pollution footprints. Unsurprisingly, the moss placed near the metals recycling facility showed elevated levels across all the measured heavy metals, acting as a clear multi-metal emission source. The bags stationed near the commuter railroad exhibited significant spikes in iron, a likely consequence of the friction and wear on the steel rail infrastructure.

Alarmingly, even the moss placed in the semi-natural Lake County area absorbed elevated concentrations of nickel, demonstrating that pollution from a major highway less than one kilometer away can travel far into a seemingly pristine environment.

Ratio of pXRF counts for exposed samples to pXRF counts for unexposed samples for six metals. The horizontal line represents a ratio of 1, i.e., no net accumulation of that metal in the exposed samples. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the ratio of the measurements of the exposed samples to the unexposed samples. Credit to Campbell et al., 2026

Furthermore, the moss bags directly attached to the diesel truck showed a rapid accumulation of metals like iron, zinc, copper, titanium, and manganese within just three days, though a heavy Chicago rainstorm on the fourth day washed some of that accumulated particulate matter away.

Ultimately, this exploratory study demonstrates that combining simple moss bags with portable X-ray technology can serve as a highly accurate, cost-effective alternative to conventional air monitoring. Since the preparation is cost-effective and the screening process is relatively quick, this methodology has the potential to make environmental science more affordable and accessible; therefore, this study warrants further research.

Moving forward, resource-limited communities that are disproportionately burdened by poor air quality could utilize these green guardians to document local contamination hotspots. By doing so, they can gather the vital data needed to fiercely advocate for environmental justice, targeted remediation, and healthier urban spaces for everyone.

Original source:

Campbell T, Gwilliam III GF, Evans NM, Peltz K, Simpson G, Dussubieux L, Erazo E, Guare K, Krechner A, Long E, Maari S, Oguike I, Rice K, Zinke A, Christian C, Qazi-Lampert A, Henkin JM, Kreider D, Maves C, Merrill G, Moy P, Rodriguez Y, Ryan Z, von Konrat M (2026) Green guardians: Mosses as potential low-cost biomonitors of air pollution in urban Chicago. BioRisk 24: 55-67. https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.24.180507